Molecular and therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes on autoimmune diseases

Figure 1 Biogenesis and composition of exosomes. Created with http://biorender.com. miRNA: MicroRNA.

Figure 2 Immunopathogenesis of Behçet’s disease and potential therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cells/mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes. Created with http://biorender.com. MSCs: Mesenchymal stem cells; MSC-Exos: Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes; MHC-II: Major histocompatibility complex class II; TCR: T cell receptor; IFN-γ: Interferon-gamma; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha; IL-12: Interleukin-12; Treg: Regulatory T cell; Th1: T helper 1; Th17: T helper 17; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-beta; GM-CSF: Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; M-CSF: Macrophage colony-stimulating factor; γδ T cells: Gamma delta T cells; M1: Proinflammatory macrophage; M2: Anti-inflammatory macrophage; CCL2: C-C motif chemokine ligand 2; CCL21: C-C motif chemokine ligand 21; miRNA: MicroRNA.

Figure 3 Immunopathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cells/mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes. Created with http://biorender.com. Anti-CCP: Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide; RA: Rheumatoid arthritis; MSCs: Mesenchymal stem cells; MSC-Exos: Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha; IL-4: Interleukin-4; IFN-γ: Interferon gamma; Treg: Regulatory T cell; Th1: T helper 1; Th17: T helper 17; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-beta; CD4⁺ T cells: Cluster of differentiation 4 positive T cells; Breg: Regulatory B cells; MMP14: Matrix metalloproteinase-14; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; STAT3: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; lncRNA: Long non-coding RNA; FGL1: Fibrinogen-like protein 1; NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa B; CXCL9: CXC motif chemokine ligand 9; M1: Pro-inflammatory macrophage; M2: Anti-inflammatory macrophage; miRNA: MicroRNA.