Fetal mice dermal mesenchymal stem cells promote wound healing by inducing M2 type macrophage polarization

Figure 1 Characterization of fetal dermal mesenchymal stem cell M1/2 macrophages. A: Detection of CD29 (FITC), CD44 (APC), and CD45 (PE) expression, characteristic markers of mesenchymal stem cells by flow cytometry; B: Flow cytometric analysis of CD86 (PE) cell surface marker expression (red - RAW264.7, blue - M1-type macrophages induced); C: Flow cytometric analysis of CD206 (FITC) cell surface marker expression (red - RAW264.7, blue - M2-type macrophages induced).

Figure 2 Fetal dermal mesenchymal stem cells facilitate the phenotypic switch of RAW264. 7 from M1 to M2 type. A: Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis of genes characterizing M1, including interleukin-6 and inducible nitric oxide synthase, and the anti-inflammatory factor interleukin-10; B and C: Cells were immunostained with PE-CD86 and FITC-CD206 antibodies and analyzed by flow cytometry. ^aP < 0.05. IL: Interleukin; iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; FDMSC: Fetal dermal mesenchymal stem cell.

Figure 3 Fetal dermal mesenchymal stem cell promotes macrophage polarization towards M2. A: Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis of genes characterizing M2, including interleukin-10 and arginase-1; B and C: Cells were immunostained with PE-CD86 and FITC-CD206 antibodies and analyzed by flow cytometry. ^aP < 0.05; ^bP < 0.01. IL: Interleukin; Arg-1: Arginase-1; FDMSC: Fetal dermal mesenchymal stem cell.

Figure 4 Evaluation of wound healing and tissue analysis in mice following thoracoscopic surgery. A: Mice were euthanized on postoperative days 0, 7, and 14; wound healing was photographed and documented; B: Analysis of wound healing rate; C and D: Hematoxylin and eosin and Masson’s trichrome staining of traumatized skin on day 14 (× 40 magnification); E: The area of blue-stained collagen in Masson’s trichrome-stained sections was quantified using ImageJ software and statistically analyzed; F: Mouse trauma tissue extracted on day 14 for quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis to detect arginase-1 expression. ^bP < 0.01. HE: Hematoxylin and eosin; Arg-1: Arginase-1; FDMSC: Fetal dermal mesenchymal stem cell.