Human pluripotent stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles: From now to the future

Figure 1 Overview of studies on human pluripotent stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles published between 2012 and 2022. A: Timeline of published articles on human pluripotent stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (hPSC-EVs). ¹Two articles were published online in 2022 but published in print in 2023; B: Analysis of the percentage of articles that use human embryonic stem cells, human induced pluripotent stem cell, or both cell types to isolate EVs; C: Methods used in the studies to characterize hPSC-EVs. The graphic depicts the number of articles using certain techniques/total number of articles included in the analysis; D: Analysis of media used to culture hPSC to isolate the EVs. AFM: Atomic force microscopy; DLS: Dynamic light scattering; FC: Flow cytometry; NTA: Nanoparticle tracking analysis; qPCR: Quantitative polymerase chain reaction; SRM: Super-resolution microscopy; TEM: Transmission electron microscopy; TRPS: Tunable resistive pulse sensing; WB: Western blot; hESC: Human embryonic stem cells; hIPSC: Human induced pluripotent stem cell.

Figure 2 Diagram of pluripotent stem cell-derived extracellular vesicle isolation, its most common characterizations, and the applications described or indicated for these extracellular vesicles. EV: Extracellular vesicle; miRNA: MicroRNA; lncRNA: Long noncoding RNA; PSC: Pluripotent stem cell. The images were obtained from Servier Medical Art (http://smart.servier.com), licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.