Zhang S, Lu C, Zheng S, Hong G. Hydrogel loaded with bone marrow stromal cell-derived exosomes promotes bone regeneration by inhibiting inflammatory responses and angiogenesis. World J Stem Cells 2024; 16(5): 499-511 [PMID: 38817325 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v16.i5.499]
Corresponding Author of This Article
Guang Hong, DDS, MD, PhD, Division for International Collaborative and Innovative Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan. hong.guang.d6@tohoku.ac.jp
Research Domain of This Article
Surgery
Article-Type of This Article
Basic Study
Open-Access Policy of This Article
This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
World J Stem Cells. May 26, 2024; 16(5): 499-511 Published online May 26, 2024. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v16.i5.499
Hydrogel loaded with bone marrow stromal cell-derived exosomes promotes bone regeneration by inhibiting inflammatory responses and angiogenesis
Shuai Zhang, Chuan Lu, Sheng Zheng, Guang Hong
Shuai Zhang, Chuan Lu, Guang Hong, Division for International Collaborative and Innovative Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
Shuai Zhang, Sheng Zheng, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang Province, China
Author contributions: Zhang S and Hong G contributed to the conception and design; Lu C and Zheng S analyzed and interpreted the data; Zhang S and Lu C drafted the article; Hong G critically revised it for important intellectual content; and all authors approved the final version for publication.
Institutional animal care and use committee statement: This study and the experimental procedures were approved by the Zhejiang Chinese Medical University. All animal experiments were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of the Ethical Institution of the Zhejiang Chinese Medical University.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.
Data sharing statement: The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
ARRIVE guidelines statement: The authors have read the ARRIVE guidelines, and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the ARRIVE guidelines.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Guang Hong, DDS, MD, PhD, Division for International Collaborative and Innovative Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan. hong.guang.d6@tohoku.ac.jp
Received: November 30, 2023 Revised: January 17, 2024 Accepted: April 2, 2024 Published online: May 26, 2024 Processing time: 176 Days and 5.5 Hours
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Bone healing is a complex process involving early inflammatory immune regulation, angiogenesis, osteogenic differentiation, and biomineralization. Fracture repair poses challenges for orthopedic surgeons, necessitating the search for efficient healing methods.
AIM
To investigate the underlying mechanism by which hydrogel-loaded exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) facilitate the process of fracture healing.
METHODS
Hydrogels and loaded BMSC-derived exosome (BMSC-exo) gels were characterized to validate their properties. In vitro evaluations were conducted to assess the impact of hydrogels on various stages of the healing process. Hydrogels could recruit macrophages and inhibit inflammatory responses, enhance of human umbilical vein endothelial cell angiogenesis, and promote the osteogenic differentiation of primary cranial osteoblasts. Furthermore, the effect of hydrogel on fracture healing was confirmed using a mouse fracture model.
RESULTS
The hydrogel effectively attenuated the inflammatory response during the initial repair stage and subsequently facilitated vascular migration, promoted the formation of large vessels, and enabled functional vascularization during bone repair. These effects were further validated in fracture models.
CONCLUSION
We successfully fabricated a hydrogel loaded with BMSC-exo that modulates macrophage polarization and angiogenesis to influence bone regeneration.
Core Tip: We adopted a new method to enhance tissue repair and promote bone regeneration through hydrogels loaded with mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) exosomes. This experiment demonstrated that bone marrow-derived MSC (BMSC)-derived exosome (BMSC-exo) hydrogel significantly promoted the proliferation, migration and osteogenesis of mouse osteoblast progenitor cells, and at the same time enhanced the M2 polarization of macrophages in bone marrow, thus translating into accelerated fracture healing and angiogenesis in vivo. In addition, BMSC-exo hydrogels successfully enhance the strength and toughness of regenerated bone, with higher maximum load, stiffness and damage absorption energy.
