Current perspectives on the role of liver transplantation for Langerhans cell histiocytosis: A narrative review

Table 1 Liver transplantation for Langerhan cell histiocytosis

Author (year)	No. of patients	Age at diagnosis (mo)	Age at transplant (mo)	Immunosuppression (No. of patients)	Surgical complications (No. of patients)	Medical complications (No. of patients)	Survival (follow-up in mo)
Stieber (1990)	3 (1adult/2 paediatric)	-	-	Cyclosporine, steroid	-	Recurrent rejection (3); retransplant (2)	66% (1 adult died of long bone fracture)
Whitington (1992)	2 (paediatric)	36 & 19	60 & 30	Cyclosporine, steroid	Roux-en Y anastomotic leak	CMV hepatitis (2); rejection (2); GI bleed (1)	100% (30-34)
Zandi (1995)	5 (paediatric)	23 ± 13	151 ± 43	Cyclosporine, steroid, azathioprine (3); cyclosporine, steroid (1); OKT3, steroid (1)	-	Rejection (4); CMV infection (2); GI bleed (1); Kidney injury (1)	60% (0.25-88.00)
Newell (1997)	6 (paediatric)	15 (12-30)	36	Cyclosporine, steroid, azathioprine (6)	Nil	PTLD (4); rejection (6); retransplantation (4); recurrence (2)	67% (24-74)
Hazdic (2000)	2 (paediatric)	16 & 17	34 & 14	Cyclosporine, steroid, MMF (1); tacrolimus, steroid (1)	Bowel perforation due to PTLD (1); PVT (1)	Recurrence (2); PTLD (1); rejection (2)	100% (5 & 60)
Braier (2002)	5 (paediatric)	-	-	Cyclosporine, steroid, azathioprine (5)	HAT & Retransplant (1)	CMV (1); rejection (1)	60% (14-37)
Chen (2020)	5 (paediatric)	15 (13-28)	53 (24-81)	Tacrolimus, steroid, MMF (5)	HAT (1)	EBV (4), CMV (1); LCH recurrence (1); DILI (1)	100%: 32 (2-67)
Our experience	6 (paediatric)	25 (9-48)	52.5 (33-204)	Tacrolimus, steroid (6)	Nil	Nil	100%: 36 (18-80)

CMV: Cytomegalovirus; GI: Gastrointestinal; MMF: Mycophenolate mofetil; EBV: Epstein–Barr virus; HAT: Hepatic artery thrombosis.