Clinical characteristics and risk factors for liver injury in COVID-19 patients in Wuhan

Table 1 Comparison of clinical data between the two groups

	Normal liver function group	Abnormal liver function group	P value
Total cases	139	79	-
Average age (yr)	45.66 ± 17.82	57.94 ± 16.57	< 0.001
Age ≥ 60 yr (%)	42 (30.2)	39 (49.4)	0.005
Males (%)	40 (28.8)	54 (68.4)	< 0.001
Severe disease1 (%)	17 (12.2)	21 (26.6)	0.007
Coexisting illness n (%)	38 (27.3)	38 (48.1)	0.002
Hypertension	26 (18.7)	26 (32.9)	0.018
Diabetes	11 (7.9)	11 (13.9)	0.157
Coronary heart disease	9 (6.5)	12 (15.2)	0.036
Chronic lung disease	6 (4.3)	10 (12.7)	0.023
Cerebrovascular disease	4 (2.9)	8 (10.1)	0.0522
Chronic kidney disease	3 (2.2)	2 (2.5)	0.7692
Chronic liver disease	1 (0.7)	2 (2.5)	0.6182
Malignancy	4 (2.9)	3 (3.8)	0.9772

¹Severe disease includes severe and critical pneumonia.

²Chi square test with continuous correction was used.

Table 2 Comparison of laboratory parameters between the two groups

Test	Normal liver function group	Abnormal liver function group	Normal ranges	P value
	Biochemical parameters
TBil	8.78 ± 3.73	12.66 ± 6.89	2-20.4 µmol/L	< 0.001
ALT	17.42 ± 8.05	69.74 ± 178.37	7-40 U/L	0.011
AST	18.96 ± 5.58	72.29 ± 269.68	13-35 U/L	0.083
GGT	17.51 ± 8.3	83.25 ± 93.48	7-45 U/L	< 0.001
ALP	49.96 ± 17.85	57.52 ± 42.16	40-150 U/L	0.330
Total protein	67.87 ± 7.39	67.31 ± 7.42	65-85 g/L	0.594
Albumin	40.70 ± 4.82	37.85 ± 4.95	40-55 g/L	< 0.001
Globulin	27.17 ± 5.92	29.46 ± 6.12	20-40 g/L	0.008
	Hematological parameters
WBC	5.11 ± 2.15	6.04 ± 2.78	3.5-9.5 × 109/L	0.011
Neutrophils	63.23 ± 13.23	71.45 ± 12.92	40-75%	< 0.001
Hemoglobin	128.31 ± 15.98	129.00 ± 18.93	12-160 g/L (male); 110-150 g/L (female)	0.785
Leukomonocytes	1.32 ± 0.62	1.06 ± 0.55	1.1-3.2 × 109/L	0.002
Platelets	197.63 ± 77.69	203.92 ± 92.59	125-350 × 109/L	0.611
CRP	1.79 ± 2.87	4.34 ± 4.41	0-0.6 mg/dL	< 0.001
Procalcitonin	0.05 ± 0.05	1.50 ± 6.77	< 0.1 ng/mL	0.078
	Coagulation parameters
PT	11.51 ± 1.55	11.94 ± 1.41	9-13 s	0.043
INR	1.00 ± 0.15	1.03 ± 0.13	0.7-1.3	0.132
PTA	102.41 ± 22.35	95.42 ± 21.74	70%-130%	0.029
Fibrinogen	2.72 ± 0.71	3.02 ± 0.76	2-4 g/L	0.006
Thrombin time	16.82 ± 3.26	17.99 ± 12.59	14-21 s	0.429
APTT	29.12 ± 5.66	29.11 ± 5.54	20-40 s	0.990
D-dimer	0.76 ± 1.16	2.45 ± 3.80	0-1 µg/mL	< 0.001

TBil: Total bilirubin; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; GGT: γ-glutamyl transpeptidase; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; WBC: White blood cell count; CRP: C-reactive protein; PT: Prothrombin time; INR: International normalized ratio; PTA: Prothrombin activity; APTT: Activated partial thromboplastin time.

Table 3 Logistic regression analysis of liver injury in patients with coronavirus disease 2019

Variable	B value	Standard error	Wald	P value	OR	95%CI
Sex1	1.825	0.339	28.981	< 0.001	6.203	3.192-12.056
NE	0.039	0.013	8.986	0.003	1.004	1.014-1.067
D-dimer	0.396	0.112	12.515	< 0.001	1.486	1.193-1.850

¹Sex: male = 1, female = 0. NE: Neutrophil percentage; SE: Standard error; OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.