Fenugreek lactone attenuates palmitate-induced apoptosis and dysfunction in pancreatic β-cells

Table 1 Primers for real-time PCR assay

Gene	Forward	Reverse
β-actin	5'-CATCCGTAAAGACCTCTATGCCAAC-3'	5'-ATGGAGCCACCGATCCACA-3'
p47phox	5'-ATAACGGGCGTAGGGAGTCT-3'	5'-AGCAAAGTCTCCGCATCACT-3'
PKC-α	5'-GTGCAAGGAACACATGATGG -3'	5'-ACGCCCACCAATCTACAGAC-3'

Table 2 Comparison of intracellular malondialdehyde accumulation and contents of antioxidants (total superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase) in different groups

	CAT	GSH-PX	T-SOD	MDA
	(U/mg protein)	(U/mg protein)	(U/mg protein)	(nmol/mg protein)
Control	8.68 ± 0.89	71.67 ± 8.08	3.44 ± 0.11	0.13 ± 0.06
PA	4.33 ± 1.10b	22.46 ± 8.49b	2.77 ± 0.10b	0.91 ± 0.30b
FL	7.13 ± 0.58d	39.58 ± 4.90a	3.03 ± 0.12d	0.41 ± 0.10d

Data represent mean ± SD.

^bP < 0.01 vs control group;

^dP < 0.01 vs PA group and

^aP < 0.05 vs PA group. MDA: Malondialdehyde; T-SOD: Total superoxide dismutase; GSH-Px: Glutathione peroxidase; CAT: Catalase.