Clinical proteomics identifies potential biomarkers in Helicobacter pylori for gastrointestinal diseases

Table 1 Proteomic analysis identifies upregulated proteins in Helicobacter pylori under different stresses

Stress	Source	Disease	Upregulated proteins (function)	Ref.
Oxidative stress	Reactive oxygen species (ROS): H2O2, O2-	Gastritis, duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer, gastric cancer	AhpC, KatA, HtrA (antioxidant)	Huang et al[35]
			CagA, VacA, AlpA (virulent)
Osmotic stress	High salt: NaCl	Gastric cancer	NapA, Pfr (iron-binding)	Liao et al[36]
			UreA, UreB (acid neutralizing)
Acid stress	Gastric acid: H+	Gastro-esophageal reflux disease, irritable bowel syndrome	Pfr, NapA (iron-binding)	Huang et al[34]
			UreA, UreB, UreG (acid neutralizing)

AhpC: Alkylhydroperoxide reductase; NapA: Neutrophil-activating protein; Pfr: Non-heme iron-binding ferritin.