Diabetes mellitus carries a risk of gastric cancer: A meta-analysis

Table 1 Summary of included studies

Ref.	Country	Study population	Diagnosis of DM	RR of GC (95%CI)	Confounders or Adjusted factors
Atchison et al[24]	United States	Veteran men	Hospital disease record	0.95 (0.89-1.02)	Age, time, latency, race, number of visits, alcohol, obesity, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases
Chen et al[15]	Taiwan	National Health Insurance database	Antidiabetic drug	0.90 (0.65-1.23)	Age, gastric polyp, partial gastrectomy, gastric ulcer, pneumoconiosis
Chodick et al[28]	Israel	Healthcare service registry	Antidiabetic drug	Men 1.44 (0.98-2.11) Women 0.99 (0.55-1.80)	Age, region, use of healthcare service, BMI, cardiovascular disease
Hsieh et al[23]	Taiwan	National Health Insurance database	Ambulatory or inpatient care	0.92 (0.84-1.01)	age, sex
Ikeda et al[21]	Japan	Hisayama, population-based	Oral glucose tolerance test, fasting plasma glucose	2.13 (1.30-3.47)12.69 (1.24-5.85)2	Age, sex, Helicobacter pylori peptic ulcer, BMI, total cholesterol, alcohol, smoking, dietary factors
Inoue et al[16]	Japan	Public Health Center-based prospective study	Questionnaire	Men 1.23 (0.98-1.54) Women 1.61 (1.02-2.54)	Age, study area, cerebrovascular disease, ischemic heart disease, smoking, alcohol, BMI, physical activity, green vegetable intake, coffee intake
Kuriki et al[22]	Japan	Hospital-based epidemiologic research program	Questionnaire	Men 1.16 (0.93-1.44) Women 1.70 (1.16-2.48)	Age, BMI, drinking and smoking, physical activity, bowel movement, family history of cancer or diabetes, dietary restriction, raw vegetable intake, greasy food intake
La Vecchia et al[26]	Italy	Case-control study	Questionnaire	0.6 (0.4-0.9)	age, sex
Ge et al[19]	United States	National Institutes of Health American Association of Retired Persons diet and health study	Questionnaire	Cardia 1.89 (1.43-2.50)Noncardia 0.98 (0.70-1.37)	Age, sex, calories, alcohol, smoking, fruit intake, vegetable intake, ethnicity, education, physical activity
O'Mara et al[25]	United States	Case-control study	Questionnaire	Men 0.7 (ND) Women 1.2 (ND)	Age
Ogunleye et al[27]	United Kingdom	Health Informatics Center	Registry	0.73 (0.41-1.29)	Deprivation decile
Rapp et al[11]	Austria	Vorarlberg Health Monitoring and Promotion Programme	Fasting blood glucose	Men 0.84 (0.38-1.87)3 Women 1.16 (0.66-2.05)4	Age, smoking, occupational group, BMI

¹Hemoglobin A1c, 6.0%-6.9%;

²Hemoglobin A1c, ≥ 7.0%;

³Fasting blood glucose, ≥ 7 mmol/L;

⁴Fasting blood glucose, 6.1-6.9 mmol/L. GC: Gastric cancer; ND: Not described; BMI: Body mass index; DM: Diabetes mellitus.