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Copyright ©The Author(s) 2016. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Gastroenterol. Jul 21, 2016; 22(27): 6201-6213
Published online Jul 21, 2016. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i27.6201
Pleiotropic effects of statins in the diseases of the liver
Martin Janicko, Sylvia Drazilova, Daniel Pella, Jan Fedacko, Peter Jarcuska
Martin Janicko, Daniel Pella, Jan Fedacko, Peter Jarcuska, 1st Department of Internal medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice, Louis Pasteur University hospital, 04001 Kosice, Slovakia
Sylvia Drazilova, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Poprad, Poprad, 05801 Poprad, Slovakia
Author contributions: Janicko M and Jarcuska P specified the topic, wrote the article and led the other coauthors; Drazilova S, Fedacko J and Pella D performed the search and analysis of the sources and wrote initial drafts of the chapters.
Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors report no conflict of interest.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Correspondence to: Peter Jarcuska, MD, PhD, Associate Professor, 1st Department of Internal medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice, Louis Pasteur University hospital, 04001 Kosice, Slovakia. petjarc@yahoo.com
Telephone: +42-1556403515
Received: March 27, 2016
Peer-review started: March 28, 2016
First decision: May 12, 2016
Revised: May 26, 2016
Accepted: June 15, 2016
Article in press: June 15, 2016
Published online: July 21, 2016
Processing time: 109 Days and 19 Hours
Abstract

Statins are a class of molecules that inhibit HMG CoA reductase. They are usually prescribed as a lipid lowering medication. However, there is accumulating evidence that statins have multiple secondary effects both related and unrelated to their lipid-lowering effect. This narrative review of the literature aims to provide the reader with information from clinical studies related to the effect of statin and statins’ potential use in patients with liver diseases. In patients with advanced liver disease due to any etiology, statins exhibit an antifibrotic effect possibly through the prevention of hepatic sinusoidal microthrombosis. Two randomized controlled trials confirmed that statins decrease hepatic vein pressure gradient in patients with portal hypertension and improve the survival of patients after variceal bleeding. Lower rates of infections were observed in patients with cirrhosis who received statin treatment. Statins decrease the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with advanced liver disease in general but particularly in patients with chronic hepatitis B and C. Statins in patients with chronic hepatitis C likely increase the virological response to the treatment with pegylated interferon and ribavirin and have the potential to decrease the rate of fibrosis. Finally, data from randomized controlled trials also confirmed that the addition of statin prolongs the survival of patients with advanced HCC even more than sorafenib. Statins are a very promising group of drugs especially in patients with liver disease, where therapeutic options can often be limited. Some indications, such as the prevention of re-bleeding from esophageal varices and the palliative treatment of HCC have been proven through randomized controlled trials, while additional indications still need to be confirmed through prospective studies.

Keywords: Statins; Hepatitis; Cirrhosis; Esophageal varices; Hepatocellular carcinoma

Core tip: The greatest benefit of statins seems to be in patients with advanced liver disease. Observational studies suggest that statins have an antifibrotic effect possibly through the prevention of hepatic sinusoidal microthrombosis, reduce the rate of infections and decrease the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in all cirrhotics, but particularly in patients with chronic hepatitis B and C. Data from randomized controlled trials confirmed that statins decrease hepatic vein pressure gradient, prevent re-bleeding, and improve the survival of patients after variceal bleeding. Statins also seem to prolong the survival of patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma even more than those treated with Sorafenib, which is the current standard of care for these patients.