Published online Jun 28, 2014. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i24.7602
Revised: February 19, 2014
Accepted: April 8, 2014
Published online: June 28, 2014
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common neoplasia in the Western countries, with considerable morbidity and mortality. Every fifth patient with CRC presents with metastatic disease, which is not curable with radical intent in roughly 80% of cases. Traditionally approached surgically, by resection of the primitive tumor or stoma, the management to incurable stage IV CRC patients has significantly changed over the last three decades and is nowadays multidisciplinary, with a pivotal role played by chemotherapy (CHT). This latter have allowed for a dramatic increase in survival, whereas the role of colonic and liver surgery is nowadays matter of debate. Although any generalization is difficult, two main situations are considered, asymptomatic (or minimally symptomatic) and severely symptomatic patients needing aggressive management, including emergency cases. In asymptomatic patients, new CHT regimens allow today long survival in selected patients, also exceeding two years. The role of colonic resection in this group has been challenged in recent years, as it is not clear whether the resection of primary CRC may imply a further increase in survival, thus justifying surgery-related morbidity/mortality in such a class of short-living patients. Secondary surgery of liver metastasis is gaining acceptance since, under new generation CHT regimens, an increasing amount of patients with distant metastasis initially considered non resectable become resectable, with a significant increase in long term survival. The management of CRC emergency patients still represents a major issue in Western countries, and is associated to high morbidity/mortality. Obstruction is traditionally approached surgically by colonic resection, stoma or internal by-pass, although nowadays CRC stenting is a feasible option. Nevertheless, CRC stent has peculiar contraindications and complications, and its long-term cost-effectiveness is questionable, especially in the light of recently increased survival. Perforation is associated with the highest mortality and remains mostly matter for surgeons, by abdominal lavage/drainage, colonic resection and/or stoma. Bleeding and other CRC-related symptoms (pain, tenesmus, etc.) may be managed by several mini-invasive approaches, including radiotherapy, laser therapy and other transanal procedures.
Core tip: Colorectal cancer is a common neoplasia with considerable morbidity/mortality. Every fifth patient presents with metastatic disease, which is usually not resectable. In asymptomatic patients, new chemotherapy regimens allow long survival and, potentially, conversion of non resectable liver metastasis in resectable ones, with a significantly improved prognosis. Obstruction is traditionally approached by colonic resection, stoma or internal by-pass, although nowadays stenting is a feasible option. Perforation is associated with the highest mortality and is mostly managed surgically, by lavage/drainage, colonic resection and/or stoma. Bleeding and other symptoms (pain, tenesmus) are managed mini-invasivally by radiotherapy, laser therapy and other transanal procedures.