Diabetes distress, the mediator of the poor glycemic control and depression: A meta-analysis

Table 1 Glycated hemoglobin among patients with diabetes distress and control subjects, mean ± SD

Ref.	Country	Study type	Diabetes distress HbA1c	Total number	Controls HbA1c	Total number	Results
Al-Ozairi et al[21]	Kuwait	Cross-sectional	9.2 ± 3.5	69	8.4 ± 2.49	396	Sig.
Alzughbi et al[22]	Saudi Arabia	Cross-sectional	9.4 ± 1.7	67	8.7 ± 1.7	233	Sig.
Ascher-Svanum et al[23]	Five European countries	Prospective	9.91 ± 2.09	289	9.39 ± 1.97	677	Sig.
Asuzu et al[24]	United States	Cross-sectional	7.9 ± 1.8	615	8.66 ± 1.8	615	Not sig.
Chen et al[25]	Taiwan	Cross-sectional	10.98 + 7.56	255	10.39 + 2.09	255	Not sig.
Cummings et al[26]	United States	Prospective	9.4 ± 0.3	45	8.8 ± 0.2	84	Sig.
Davis et al[27]	Australia	Prospective	6.87 ± 0.7	435	7.6 ± 0.8	93	Sig.
Guo et al[28]	Singapore	Cross-sectional	9.7 ± 1.4	62	9.4 ± 1.5	294	Not sig.
Hayashino et al[29]	Japan	Retrospective	7.9 ± 1.4	371	7.5 ± 1.1	2747	Not sig.
Ismail et al[30]	United Kingdom	Prospective	7.20 ± 1.61	111	6.98 ± 1.40	1540	Sig.
Khan and Choudhary[31]	United Kingdom	Cross-sectional	8.7 ± 1.8	24	7.7 ± 0.9	59	Sig.
Matsuba et al[32]	Three Asian countries	Cross-sectional	8.68 ± 1.63	671	7.77 ± 1.63	671	Sig.
Nguyen et al[33]	Vietnam	Cross-sectional	7.7 ± 1.4	14	7.1 ± 1.5	98	Sig.
Pandit et al[12]	United States	Prospective	9.3 ± 2.0	94	7.8 ± 1.7	391	Sig.
Park et al[34]	Korea	Retrospective	7.27 ± 0.7	589	6.97 ± 0.6	1293	Sig.
Schmitt et al[35]	Germany	Cross-sectional	8.8 ± 1.5	42	8.6 ± 1.7	221	Not sig.
Sidhu and Tang[36]	Canada	Cross-sectional	7.0 ± 0.9	20	7.0 ± 1.1	19	Not sig.
Totesora et al[37]	Philippines	Cross-sectional	9.0 ± 2.5	40	7.7 ± 1.7	47	Sig.

HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; Sig.: Significant.

Table 2 Diabetes distress effects on glycemic control

Ref.	Country	Study type	Diabetes distress glycemic control	Total number	Controls, glycemic control	Total number	Results
Bhaskara et al[38]	Indonesia	Cross-sectional	53	75	19	49	Sig.
Huynh et al[39]	Vietnam	Cross-sectional	118	152	236	365	Sig.
Lim et al[40]	Singapore	Cross-sectional	58	146	91	379	Sig.
Sasi et al[41]	India	Cross-sectional	144	270	126	270	Sig.
Totesora et al[37]	Philippines	Cross-sectional	28	40	27	47	Sig.

Sig.: Significant.

Table 3 Diabetes distress and depression effects on glycemic control, mean ± SD

Ref.	Country	Study type	Diabetes distress HbA1c	Total number	Depression HbA1c	Total number	Results
Al-Ozairi et al[21]	Kuwait	Cross-sectional	9.2 ± 3.5	69	8.7 ± 2	44	Sig.
Ascher-Svanum et al[23]	United States	Prospective	9.91 ± 2.09	289	9.62 ± 2.02	485	Not sig.
Davis et al[27]	Australia	Prospective	6.87 ± 0.7	435	7.5 ± 1.28	50	Sig.
Hayashino et al[29]	Japan	Retrospective	7.9 ± 1.4	371	7.6 ± 1.2	862	Sig.
Ismail et al[30]	United Kingdom	Prospective	7.20 ± 1.61	111	7.11 ± 1.37	232	Not sig.
Nanayakkara et al[13]	Australia	Retrospective	9.3 ± 2.1	177	8.85 ± 2.0	698	Sig.
Sidhu and Tang[36]	Canada	Cross-sectional	7.0 ± 0.9	21	7.0 ± 0.9	6	Not sig.

HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; Sig.: Significant.

Table 4 The risk of bias assessment and questionnaires used to assess diabetes distress and depression among patients with diabetes

Ref.	Questionnaires used	Selection bias	Comparability bias	Outcome	Total score
Al-Ozairi et al[21]	The PAID, patient health questionnaire-9	5	1	2	8
Alzughbi et al[22]	The 17-item diabetes distress scale and the patient health questionnaire-9	5	1	2	8
Ascher-Svanum et al[23]	Severity of depressed/anxious mood (EuroQol-5D item) and diabetes-related distress (psychological distress domain of the diabetes health profile-18)	4	2	3	9
Asuzu et al[24]	The 17-item diabetes distress scale, and patient health questionnaire	5	2	2	9
Chen et al[25]	The short-form problem areas in diabetes scale, psychological factors questionnaire	4	1	2	7
Cummings et al[26]	The 17-item diabetes distress scale	4	2	3	9
Davis et al[27]	The PAID, patient health questionnaire-9	4	2	3	9
Guo et al[28]	The PAID, patient health questionnaire-9	4	1	3	8
Hayashino et al[29]	The PAID questionnaire, center for epidemiological studies-depression	4	2	3	9
Ismail et al[30]	The patient health questionnaire-9 and PAID scores	4	2	3	9
Khan and Choudhary[31]	Diabetes distress scale-2	5	1	2	8
Matsuba et al[32]	Diabetes distress scale-25-item	5	1	2	8
Nguyen et al[33]	The 17-item diabetes distress scale	5	1	1	8
Pandit et al[12]	The 17-item diabetes distress scale	5	2	2	9
Park et al[34]	The problem areas in diabetes scale	5	1	2	8
Schmitt et al[35]	Center for epidemiologic studies depression scale, diabetes distress scale	5	1	2	8
Sidhu and Tang[36]	Diabetes distress scale, patient health questionnaire-9	5	1	2	8
Totesora et al[37]	PAID-20	5	1	2	8
Bhaskara et al[38]	Diabetes distress scale	5	1	2	8
Huynh et al[39]	Diabetes distress scale	5	1	2	8
Lim et al[40]	The problem area in diabetes
Sasi et al[41]	Diabetes distress scale	5	1	2	8

PAID: Problem areas in diabetes.