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Fu M, Mei A, Min X, Yang H, Wu W, Zhong J, Li C, Chen J. Advancements in Cardiovascular Disease Research Affected by Smoking. Rev Cardiovasc Med 2024; 25:298. [PMID: 39228476 PMCID: PMC11367002 DOI: 10.31083/j.rcm2508298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The harmful substances in tobacco are widely recognized to exert a significant detrimental impact on human health, constituting one of the most substantial global public health threats to date. Tobacco usage also ranks among the principal contributors to cardiovascular ailments, with tobacco being attributed to up to 30% of cardiovascular disease-related deaths in various countries. Cardiovascular disease is influenced by many kinds of pathogenic factors, among them, tobacco usage has led to an increased year by year incidence of cardiovascular disease. Exploring the influencing factors of harmful substances in tobacco and achieving early prevention are important means to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular diseases and maintain health. This article provides a comprehensive review of the effects of smoking on health and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaoxin Fu
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital (Hubei Clinical Research Center of Hypertension), Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, 442000 Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Aihua Mei
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital (Hubei Clinical Research Center of Hypertension), Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, 442000 Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Xinwen Min
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital (Hubei Clinical Research Center of Hypertension), Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, 442000 Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Handong Yang
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital (Hubei Clinical Research Center of Hypertension), Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, 442000 Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Wenwen Wu
- School of Public Health, Hubei University of Medicine, 442000 Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Jixin Zhong
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chunlei Li
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital (Hubei Clinical Research Center of Hypertension), Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, 442000 Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital (Hubei Clinical Research Center of Hypertension), Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, 442000 Shiyan, Hubei, China
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Chen W, Wang X, Chen J, You C, Ma L, Zhang W, Li D. Household air pollution, adherence to a healthy lifestyle, and risk of cardiometabolic multimorbidity: Results from the China health and retirement longitudinal study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 855:158896. [PMID: 36150596 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The adverse health effects of household air pollution have been widely explored, but few studies have evaluated the effects of household air pollution on the risk of cardiometabolic multimorbidity (CMM), a pressing public health concern worldwide. Thus, we aimed to investigate whether exposure to household use of polluting fuels is associated with morbid CMM and, if so, whether a healthy lifestyle could mitigate this association. METHODS In this prospective, nationwide representative cohort of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), participants free of CMM (defined as the coexistence of 2 or more of the following: heart disease, stroke, and diabetes or high blood sugar) were included in 2011-2012 and followed for CMM incidence until 2018. Household air pollution was measured as the use of solid fuels for cooking and heating. The healthy lifestyle score was determined by six factors, physical activity, smoking, body mass index, total cholesterol, blood glucose, and blood pressure, and categorized into three groups (unhealthy, 0-1 factors; intermediate, 2-4; and healthy, 5-6). Cox proportional hazards models investigated associations between household air pollution and incident CMM. The potential modifier effect of a healthy lifestyle score was tested through stratified analyses. RESULTS Among 7125 eligible participants, 239 incident cases of CMM were identified over a median follow-up of 7.0 years. After adjustment for potential confounders, the use of solid household fuels for heating was associated with more significant hazards of CMM (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.71, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.28 to 2.28), while use for cooking (HR, 1.14; 95 % CI, 0.85 to 1.52) was not. Compared with participants in the unhealthy group, those in the healthy and intermediate groups had considerably lower CMM risk, with adjusted HRs (95 % CI) of 0.17 (0.09 to 0.31) and 0.39 (0.29 to 0.53), respectively, regardless of the household air pollution category. Importantly, when participants adhered to a healthy lifestyle, exposure to household air pollution was no longer significantly associated with a higher risk of CMM (adjusted HR 1.77, 95 % CI 0.51 to 6.12; P = 0.369). CONCLUSIONS Household usage of polluting fuels was significantly associated with a higher risk of CMM, and adherence to a healthy lifestyle may mitigate this adverse effect. From a broader perspective, our findings underscore the importance of public health policies and interventions targeting multiple exposures (air pollution, physical activity, smoking, etc.) in enhancing the prevention of detrimental cardiometabolic health effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Med-X Center for Informatics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chao You
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Med-X Center for Informatics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Dong Li
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Aortic Valve Calcification Score in Patients with Arterial Hypertension Environmentally Exposed to Tobacco Smoke. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2021; 21:869-879. [PMID: 34309797 PMCID: PMC8478724 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-021-09677-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The objective of our study was to determine the relationship between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and the value of the aortic valve calcification score (AVCS) in people suffering from arterial hypertension (AH). 107 non-smokers with AH (mean age 67.16 ± 8.48 years) were qualified for the study. The degree of exposure to ETS was assessed using the Second-hand Smoke Exposure Scale (SHSES) questionnaire. Study group was divided depending on ETS exposure: A—no exposure, B—low, C—medium and D—high. AVCS was measured based on the aortic valve plane multiplanar reconstruction from the non-contrast phase of the cardiac computed tomography. The Agatston algorithm was used, in which calcifications were considered changes with a density exceeding 130 HU. The mean AVCS value in the study group of patients was 213.59 ± 304.86. The AVCS was significantly lower in subgroup A than in subgroups C and D. In subgroup A, the lack of aortic valve calcification (AVCS = 0) was observed significantly more frequently than in subgroups C and D. There was a positive correlation between the number of SHSES points and the AVCS value (r = 0.37, p < 0.05). Based on the ROC curve, the SHSES value was determined as the optimal cut-off point for the prediction of AVCS = 0, amounting to 3 points. The accuracy of SHSES < 3 as the predictor of AVCS = 0 was set at 62.18%. Hypertensive patients have an unfavourable relationship between the amount of exposure to ETS, determined on the SHSES scale, and the AVCS value.
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Hennig F, Geisel MH, Kälsch H, Lucht S, Mahabadi AA, Moebus S, Erbel R, Lehmann N, Jöckel KH, Scherag A, Hoffmann B, on behalf of the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study Investigative Group. Air Pollution and Progression of Atherosclerosis in Different Vessel Beds-Results from a Prospective Cohort Study in the Ruhr Area, Germany. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2020; 128:107003. [PMID: 33017176 PMCID: PMC7535085 DOI: 10.1289/ehp7077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Due to inconsistent epidemiological evidence on health effects of air pollution on progression of atherosclerosis, we investigated several air pollutants and their effects on progression of atherosclerosis, using carotid intima media thickness (cIMT), coronary calcification (CAC), and thoracic aortic calcification (TAC). METHODS We used baseline (2000-2003) and 5-y follow-up (2006-2008) data from the German Heinz Nixdorf Recall cohort study, including 4,814 middle-aged adults. Residence-based long-term air pollution exposure, including particulate matter (PM) with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5μm (PM2.5), (PM10), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) was assessed using chemistry transport and land use regression (LUR) models. cIMT was quantified as side-specific median IMT assessed from standardized ultrasound images. CAC and TAC were quantified by computed tomography using the Agatston score. Development (yes/no) and progression of atherosclerosis (change in cIMT and annual growth rate for CAC/TAC) were analyzed with logistic and linear regression models, adjusting for age, sex, lifestyle variables, socioeconomic status, and traffic noise. RESULTS While no clear associations were observed in the full study sample (mean age 59.1 (±7.6) y; 53% female), most air pollutants were marginally associated with progression of atherosclerosis in participants with no or low baseline atherosclerotic burden. Most consistently for CAC, e.g., a 1.5 μg/m3 higher exposure to PM2.5 (LUR) yielded an estimated odds ratio of 1.19 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03, 1.39] for progression of CAC and an increased annual growth rate of 2% (95% CI: 1%, 4%). CONCLUSION Our study suggests that development and progression of subclinical atherosclerosis is associated with long-term air pollution in middle-aged participants with no or minor atherosclerotic burden at baseline, while overall no consistent associations are observed. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7077.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Hennig
- Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Center for Health and Society, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marie Henrike Geisel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Research Group Clinical Epidemiology, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Hagen Kälsch
- Department of Cardiology, Alfried Krupp Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Sarah Lucht
- Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Center for Health and Society, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Amir Abbas Mahabadi
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Susanne Moebus
- Center of Urban Epidemiology (Cue), Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Raimund Erbel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Nils Lehmann
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Jöckel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - André Scherag
- Research Group Clinical Epidemiology, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Medical Statistics, Computer and Data Sciences, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Barbara Hoffmann
- Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Center for Health and Society, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Harbin MM, Kelly AS, Dengel DR, Rudser KD, Evanoff NG, Ryder JR. Relation of secondhand smoke exposure to vascular phenotypes in children and adolescents. Pediatr Res 2020; 87:760-766. [PMID: 31645051 PMCID: PMC7082180 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-019-0627-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subclinical cardiovascular risks of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure among children and adolescents remains insufficiently described. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study of 298 children and adolescents (48.0% male, body mass index: 27.0 ± 8.9 kg/m2), including 49 self-reported cases with SHS. Arterial elasticity and stiffness (distensibility, compliance, incremental elastic modulus [IEM]) were obtained via ultrasound imaging in the abdominal aorta, brachial, and carotid arteries. A one-way analysis of variance compared differences between groups, and multiple linear regression adjusted for covariates. RESULTS SHS was associated with lower abdominal aorta diameter distensibility (aDD) (13.4 ± 3.6% vs. 16.0 ± 5.2%, p = 0.009) and abdominal aorta cross-sectional distensibility (aCSD) (28.8 ± 8.3% vs. 35.1 ± 12.2%, p = 0.009), as well as higher abdominal aorta IEM (aIEM) (1241 ± 794 vs. 935 ± 388 mmHg, p = 0.001). After adjustment for covariates, aDD (p = 0.047), aCSD (p = 0.040), and aIEM (p = 0.017) remained significant; this significance persisted with the additional adjustment of percent body fat. Measures of brachial and carotid compliance and distensibility were not associated with SHS. CONCLUSIONS SHS was associated with abdominal aorta stiffness; the majority of vascular measures within the brachial and carotid artery remained unaffected following adjustment for covariates, including hypertension and adiposity. SHS may predispose individuals to increased abdominal aorta stiffness, an artery previously reported to exhibit increased susceptibility to atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Harbin
- Laboratory of Integrative Human Physiology, School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Aaron S Kelly
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Center for Pediatric Obesity Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Donald R Dengel
- Laboratory of Integrative Human Physiology, School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Center for Pediatric Obesity Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Kyle D Rudser
- Center for Pediatric Obesity Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Nicholas G Evanoff
- Laboratory of Integrative Human Physiology, School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Center for Pediatric Obesity Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Justin R Ryder
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Center for Pediatric Obesity Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
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Abu-Baker NN, Al-Jarrah EA, Suliman M. Second-Hand Smoke Exposure Among Coronary Heart Disease Patients. J Multidiscip Healthc 2020; 13:109-116. [PMID: 32099378 PMCID: PMC6999760 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s238984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The objectives of this study were to assess second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure among coronary heart disease (CHD) patients at home, in transportation, workplace, public and social places; to examine the demographic factors that predict SHS exposure; and to investigate the relationship between SHS exposure and CHD complications, age at the time of diagnosis, and number of admissions in the last year. Patients and Methods A descriptive cross-sectional design was used with a convenient sample of 400 CHD patients from three hospitals in Jordan. A modified version of the Smoking Scale for Adults (SS-A) was used. Results The percentage of SHS exposure was 64% in public places, 51.5% in social places, 48.5% in the household, 31% in transportation, while it was only 14.8% in the workplace. In addition, being male, employed, having a younger age and lower education significantly predicted higher exposure to SHS. Exposure to SHS was positively associated with CHD complications and the number of admissions, while it was negatively associated with the age at diagnosis with CHD. Conclusion Collaboration is needed among all health care sectors to adopt educational strategies about SHS exposure and to activate policies to prohibit smoking in public places.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrin N Abu-Baker
- Faculty of Nursing, Community and Mental Health Nursing Department, Jordan University of Science & Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Elham A Al-Jarrah
- Faculty of Nursing, Community and Mental Health Nursing Department, Jordan University of Science & Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Suliman
- Faculty of Nursing, Community and Mental Health Nursing, Al-alBayt University, Mafraq, Jordan
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Hennig F, Moebus S, Reinsch N, Budde T, Erbel R, Jöckel KH, Lehmann N, Hoffmann B, Kälsch H. Investigation of air pollution and noise on progression of thoracic aortic calcification: results of the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2019; 27:965-974. [PMID: 31189380 PMCID: PMC7272124 DOI: 10.1177/2047487319854818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aims Air pollution and noise are potential risk factors for subclinical
atherosclerosis. Longitudinal analyses, especially on the interplay of these
environmental factors, are scarce and inconsistent. Hence we investigated
long-term traffic-related exposure to air pollution and noise with the
development and progression of thoracic aortic calcification, a marker of
subclinical atherosclerosis. Methods We used baseline (2000–2003) and follow-up (2006–2008) data from the German
Heinz Nixdorf Recall cohort study, including 4814 middle-aged adults.
Residence-based air pollution (PM2.5 (aerodynamic
diameter ≤ 2.5 µm), PM10, nitrogen dioxide and particle number),
and noise was assessed with dispersion models. Thoracic aortic calcification
was quantified from non-contrast enhanced electron beam computed tomography.
The presence and extent of thoracic aortic calcification progression were
analysed with multiple logistic and linear regression models, respectively,
adjusting for age, sex, lifestyle variables, socioeconomic status and
respective co-exposure. Results We observed no association in the full study sample
(n = 3155, mean age 59.1 (±7.6) years, 52.8% women). While
an interquartile range in particle number and night-time noise yielded odds
ratios of 1.20 (1.03, 1.40) and 1.21 (1.00, 1.46) for binary thoracic aortic
calcification progression, and 0.02 (–0.01, 0.05) and 0.04 (0.00, 0.07)
higher growth rates of thoracic aortic calcification in participants with
baseline thoracic aortic calcification less than 10, negative findings were
observed in those with baseline thoracic aortic calcification of 10 or
greater. Results were similar for other pollutants and daytime noise. Conclusion Our study shows no overall associations. Subgroup analyses suggest
independent associations of traffic-related air pollution and noise with the
development and progression of subclinical atherosclerosis in participants
with no or minor thoracic aortic calcification at baseline, in contrast to
negative findings in those with advanced calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Hennig
- Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Susanne Moebus
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Nico Reinsch
- Alfried Krupp Hospital Essen, Department of Cardiology, Germany.,Medical Department, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany
| | - Thomas Budde
- Alfried Krupp Hospital Essen, Department of Cardiology, Germany
| | - Raimund Erbel
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Jöckel
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Nils Lehmann
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Barbara Hoffmann
- Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hagen Kälsch
- Alfried Krupp Hospital Essen, Department of Cardiology, Germany.,Medical Department, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany
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Liu M, Ao L, Hu X, Ma J, Bao K, Gu Y, Zhao J, Huang W. Influence of blood glucose fluctuation, C-peptide level and conventional risk factors on carotid artery intima-media thickness in Chinese Han patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Med Res 2019; 24:13. [PMID: 30782217 PMCID: PMC6381641 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-019-0370-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some studies have suggested that blood glucose fluctuation and C-peptide level were considered as predictive factors for carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT). However, the relationships of these variables are unclear. This research was aimed to identify the potential effects of blood glucose fluctuation, C-peptide level and conventional risk factors on CIMT. METHODS A total of 280 type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients were enrolled into this study. Population characteristics were obtained through medical history and clinical parameters. The patients were divided into two groups according to the critical value of CIMT (0.9). Research data were analyzed to identify risk factors of CIMT between the two groups. RESULTS The comparison results of basic information showed that differences in age and illness years between the two groups were statistically significant (p = 0.0002 and p = 0.0063). Logistic regression analysis results indicated that smoking, uric acid (UA) levels, 2 h C-peptide and standard deviation of blood glucose (SDBG) were the influence factors for CIMT thickening (p = 0.032, p = 0.047, p = 0.049 and p = 0.042, respectively). Blood glucose fluctuation could affect the risk of some complications. In largest amplitude of glycemic excursions (LAGE) > 4.4 group, the CIMT abnormal rate was 27.10%, which was significantly higher than 12.12% in the LAGE ≤ 4.4 group (p = 0.012). The CIMT abnormal rate of SDBG > 2.0 group was 27.81%, which was significantly higher than that of the SDBG ≤ 2.0 group (p = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS Blood glucose fluctuation is an independent risk factor associated with CIMT in T2DM patients, in addition to conventional risk factors, such as smoking, high UA level and 2 h C-peptide. Therefore, more attention should be given to the change of CIMT and the complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Department of Scientific Research, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Ao
- Department of Nursing, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Cheng Bei Road, Jiading District, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Xinyu Hu
- The Former Dalian Sanatorium of Shenyang Military Region, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Jianning Ma
- Department of Nursing, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Cheng Bei Road, Jiading District, Shanghai, 201800, China.
| | - Kena Bao
- Department of Nursing, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Cheng Bei Road, Jiading District, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Ye Gu
- Department of Nursing, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Cheng Bei Road, Jiading District, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Nursing, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Cheng Bei Road, Jiading District, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Weiping Huang
- Department of Nursing, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Cheng Bei Road, Jiading District, Shanghai, 201800, China.
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Gać P, Poręba M, Pawlas K, Sobieszczańska M, Poręba R. Influence of environmental tobacco smoke on morphology and functions of cardiovascular system assessed using diagnostic imaging. Inhal Toxicol 2019; 29:518-529. [PMID: 29458307 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2017.1409847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to tobacco smoke is a significant problem of environmental medicine. Tobacco smoke contains over one thousand identified chemicals including numerous toxicants. Cardiovascular system diseases are the major cause of general mortality. The recent development of diagnostic imaging provided methods which enable faster and more precise diagnosis of numerous diseases, also those of cardiovascular system. This paper reviews the most significant scientific research concerning relationship between environmental exposure to tobacco smoke and the morphology and function of cardiovascular system carried out using diagnostic imaging methods, i.e. ultrasonography, angiography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. In the forthcoming future, the studies using current diagnostic imaging methods should contribute to the reliable documentation, followed by the wide-spreading knowledge of the harmful impact of the environmental tobacco smoke exposure on the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Gać
- a Department of Hygiene , Wroclaw Medical University , Wrocław , Poland.,b Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging , 4th Military Hospital , Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Małgorzata Poręba
- c Department of Pathophysiology , Wroclaw Medical University , Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Krystyna Pawlas
- a Department of Hygiene , Wroclaw Medical University , Wrocław , Poland
| | | | - Rafał Poręba
- e Department of Internal Medicine, Occupational Diseases and Hypertension , Wroclaw Medical University , Wroclaw , Poland
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Gać P, Jaźwiec P, Poręba M, Mazur G, Pawlas K, Sobieszczańska M, Poręba R. The risk of coronary artery disease estimated non-invasively in patients with essential hypertension environmentally exposed to cigarette smoke. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 56:114-120. [PMID: 28892753 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between environmental exposure of non-smokers to cigarette smoke and the coronary artery calcium scores has not been sufficiently documented. The aim of the study was to identify the relationship between environmental exposure to cigarette smoke and the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) estimated non-invasively through measurement of coronary artery calcium score by computed tomography in patients with essential hypertension. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was conducted on 67 patients with essential hypertension, non-smokers environmentally exposed to cigarette smoke (group A) and on 67 patients with essential hypertension, non-smokers not exposed to cigarette smoke (group B), selected using the case to case. Environmental exposure to cigarette smoke was evaluated using a questionnaire. The risk of development of coronary artery disease was estimated non-invasively through measurement of coronary artery calcium score (CACS) by computed tomography. RESULTS Group A was characterised by significantly higher CACS and left anterior descending (LADCS) calcium scores than group B. Compared to group B, group A had significantly higher percentage of patients with significant risk of CAD estimated on the basis of CACS values, and significantly lower percentage of patients with practically no risk of CAD estimated with the same method. Advanced age, peripheral artery diseases and environmental exposure to cigarette smoke are independent risk factors associated with increased CACS and LADCS values. In addition, higher BMI and hypercholesterolemia are independent risk factors for increased values of LADCS. CONCLUSIONS In patients with essential hypertension environmental exposure to cigarette smoke may result in elevated risk of coronary artery disease estimated non-invasively through measurement of coronary artery calcium score by computed tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Gać
- Department of Hygiene, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 7, PL 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland; Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, 4th Military Hospital, Weigla 5, PL 50-981, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Przemysław Jaźwiec
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, 4th Military Hospital, Weigla 5, PL 50-981, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Poręba
- Department of Pathophysiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Marcinkowskiego 1, PL 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Mazur
- Department of Internal Medicine, Occupational Diseases and Hypertension, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, PL 50-556, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Krystyna Pawlas
- Department of Hygiene, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 7, PL 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Sobieszczańska
- Department of Pathophysiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Marcinkowskiego 1, PL 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Poręba
- Department of Internal Medicine, Occupational Diseases and Hypertension, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, PL 50-556, Wroclaw, Poland
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Lee PN, Forey BA, Hamling JS, Thornton AJ. Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and heart disease: A systematic review. World J Meta-Anal 2017; 5:14. [DOI: 10.13105/wjma.v5.i2.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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Jones MR, Magid HS, Al-Rifai M, McEvoy JW, Kaufman JD, Hinckley Stukovsky KD, Szklo M, Polak J, Burke GL, Post WS, Blaha MJ, Navas-Acien A. Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:e002965. [PMID: 27993830 PMCID: PMC5210438 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.115.002965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have evaluated the association between secondhand smoke (SHS) and subclinical cardiovascular disease among ethnically diverse populations. This study assesses the impact of SHS on inflammation and atherosclerosis (carotid intima-media thickness, coronary artery calcification, and peripheral arterial disease). METHODS AND RESULTS We examined 5032 nonsmoking adults aged 45 to 84 years without prior cardiovascular disease participating in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) from 2000 to 2002. SHS exposure was determined by self-report, and urinary cotinine was measured in a representative subset (n=2893). The multi-adjusted geometric mean ratios (95% CIs) for high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 comparing 407 participants with SHS ≥12 h/wk versus 3035 unexposed participants were 1.13 (1.02-1.26) and 1.04 (0.98-1.11), respectively. The multi-adjusted geometric mean ratio for carotid intima-media thickness was 1.02 (0.97-1.07). Fibrinogen and coronary artery calcification were not associated with SHS. The prevalence of peripheral arterial disease (ankle-brachial index ≤0.9 or ≥1.4) was associated with detectable urinary cotinine (odds ratio, 2.10; 95% CI, 1.09-4.04) but not with self-reported SHS. Urinary cotinine was not associated with inflammation or carotid intima-media thickness. CONCLUSIONS Despite limited exposure assessment, this study supports the association of SHS exposure with inflammation and peripheral arterial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda R Jones
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Hoda S Magid
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Mahmoud Al-Rifai
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - John W McEvoy
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Joel D Kaufman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Karen D Hinckley Stukovsky
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Moyses Szklo
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Joseph Polak
- Department of Radiology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Gregory L Burke
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston- Salem, NC
| | - Wendy S Post
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Michael J Blaha
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ana Navas-Acien
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
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Yankelevitz DF, Cham MD, Hecht H, Yip R, Shemesh J, Narula J, Henschke CI. The Association of Secondhand Tobacco Smoke and CT Angiography-Verified Coronary Atherosclerosis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2016; 10:652-659. [PMID: 27852512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess the relationship of the extent of atherosclerosis on coronary computed tomographic angiography to the extent of secondhand tobacco smoke (SHTS) exposure in asymptomatic never smokers. BACKGROUND A dose-related association between SHTS and coronary artery calcium has been reported, but the total extent of atherosclerosis has not been investigated. METHODS A total of 268 never smokers, ages 40 to 80 years, completed a questionnaire assessing risk factors and extent of lifetime SHTS exposure, providing a total SHTS exposure score. Ordinal coronary artery calcium scores were derived from low-dose nongated computed tomographic scans, followed by computed tomographic angiography. Analyses of the prevalence, extent, and plaque characteristics of atherosclerosis were performed, and the independent contribution of SHTS, adjusted for other documented risk factors, was determined. RESULTS Coronary atherosclerosis was noted in 48% and was more frequent with low to moderate and high versus minimal SHTS exposure (48% and 69% vs. 25%; p < 0.0001). Adjusted odds ratios for any atherosclerosis were 2.1 (95% confidence interval: 1.0 to 4.4; p = 0.05) for low to moderate and 3.5 (95% confidence interval: 1.4 to 8.5; p = 0.01) for high exposure versus minimal SHTS exposure and were not significant for standard risk factors of diabetes (p = 0.56), hyperlipidemia (p = 0.11), hypertension (p = 0.65), and renal disease (p = 0.24). With increasing SHTS exposure, the percentage of major vessel (14%, 41%, and 45%; p = 0.0013) with any plaque or stenosis increased, as did the number with 5 or more involved segments (0%, 39%, and 61%; p = 0.0001). Also the average number of involved segments increased (0.82, 1.98, and 3.49; p < 0.0001), with calcified plaques alone (0.25, 0.77, and 1.52; p < 0.0001), with calcified and partially calcified plaques (0.28, 0.82, and 1.58; p < 0.001), but not with noncalcified plaques alone (p = 0.11). CONCLUSIONS The presence and extent of atherosclerosis were associated with the extent of SHTS exposure even when adjusted for other risk factors, further demonstrating the causal relationship of SHTS exposure and coronary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Yankelevitz
- Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Matthew D Cham
- Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Harvey Hecht
- Division of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Rowena Yip
- Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Joseph Shemesh
- Department of Cardiology, The Grace Ballas Cardiac Research Unit, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Tel-Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Jagat Narula
- Division of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Claudia I Henschke
- Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
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Barupal DK, Pinkerton KE, Hood C, Kind T, Fiehn O. Environmental Tobacco Smoke Alters Metabolic Systems in Adult Rats. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1818-1827. [PMID: 27788581 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is associated with an increased incidence of pulmonary and cardiovascular disease and possibly lung cancer. Metabolomics can reveal changes in metabolic networks in organisms under different physio-pathological conditions. Our objective was to identify spatial and temporal metabolic alterations with acute and repeated subchronic ETS exposure to understand mechanisms by which ETS exposure may cause adverse physiological and structural changes in the pulmonary and cardiovascular systems. Established and validated metabolomics assays of the lungs, hearts. and blood of young adult male rats following 1, 3, 8, and 21 days of exposure to ETS along with day-matched sham control rats (n = 8) were performed using gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry, BinBase database processing, multivariate statistical modeling, and MetaMapp biochemical mapping. A total of 489 metabolites were measured in the lung, heart, and blood, of which 142 metabolites were identified using a standardized metabolite annotation pipeline. Acute and repeated subchronic exposure to ETS was associated with significant metabolic changes in the lung related to energy metabolism, defense against reactive oxygen species, substrate uptake and transport, nucleotide metabolism, and substrates for structural components of collagen and membrane lipids. Metabolic changes were least prevalent in heart tissues but abundant in blood under repeated subchronic ETS exposure. Our analyses revealed that ETS causes alterations in metabolic networks, especially those associated with lung structure and function and found as systemic signals in the blood. The metabolic changes suggest that ETS exposure may adversely affects the mitochondrial respiratory chain, lung elasticity, membrane integrity, redox states, cell cycle, and normal metabolic and physiological functions of the lungs, even after subchronic ETS exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh K Barupal
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, UC Davis Genome Center , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Kent E Pinkerton
- UC Davis Center for Health and the Environment , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Carol Hood
- UC Davis Center for Health and the Environment , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Tobias Kind
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, UC Davis Genome Center , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, UC Davis Genome Center , Davis, California 95616, United States
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert Brunekreef
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, 3508TD Utrecht, Netherlands; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.
| | - Barbara Hoffmann
- Institute of Occupational and Social Medicine, Centre for Health and Society, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Tuntapakul S, Kitkhuandee A, Kanpittaya J, Johns J, Johns NP. Pineal calcification is associated with pediatric primary brain tumor. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2016; 12:e405-e410. [PMID: 27461152 DOI: 10.1111/ajco.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM Melatonin has been associated with various tumors, including brain tumor, and shown to inhibit growth of neuroblastoma cells and gliomas in animal models. Likewise, patients with glioblastoma receiving melatonin reported better survival than controls. Pineal calcification may lead to a decreased production of melatonin by calcified glands. This study assessed association between pineal calcification and primary brain tumor in pediatric/adolescent patients. METHODS Medical chart review was conducted in 181 patients <15 years old who had undergone brain computed tomography (CT) during 2008-2012. Pineal calcification was identified using brain CT scan by an experienced neurosurgeon. Primary brain tumor was confirmed by CT scan and histology, and association with pineal calcification was estimated using multiple logistic regression, adjusted for age and gender. RESULTS Primary brain tumor was detected in 51 patients (mean age 9.0, standard deviation 4.0 years), with medulloblastoma being the most common (11 patients). Pineal calcification was detected in 12 patients (23.5%) with primary brain tumor, while only 11 patients (8.5%) without tumor had pineal calcification. Adjusted for patients' ages and genders, pineal calcification was associated with an increase in primary brain tumor of 2.82-fold (odds ratio 2.82; 95% confidence interval 1.12-7.08, P = 0.027). CONCLUSION Pineal calcification appears to be associated with primary brain tumor. Further studies to explore this link are discussed and warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supinya Tuntapakul
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Melatonin Research Group, Muang, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Amnat Kitkhuandee
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Muang, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Jaturat Kanpittaya
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Muang, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Jeffrey Johns
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Melatonin Research Group, Muang, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Wang F, Jia X, Wang X, Zhao Y, Hao W. Particulate matter and atherosclerosis: a bibliometric analysis of original research articles published in 1973-2014. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:348. [PMID: 27093947 PMCID: PMC4837518 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3015-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epidemiological and experimental studies have suggested that exposure to particulate air pollution may promote progression of atherosclerosis. Methods In the present study, the characteristics and trends of the research field of particulate matter (PM) and atherosclerosis were analyzed using bibliometric indicators. Bibliometric analysis was based on original papers obtained from PubMed/MEDLINE search results (from 1973 to 2014) using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms. A fully-detailed search strategy was employed, and articles were imported into the Thomson Data Analyzer (TDA) software. Results The visualizing network of the collaborative researchers was analyzed by Ucinet 6 software. Main research topics and future focuses were explored by co-word and cluster analysis. The characteristics of these research articles were summarized. The number of published articles has increased from five for the period 1973–1978 to 89 for the period 2009–2014. Tobacco smoke pollution, smoke and air PM were the most studied targets in this research field. Coronary disease was the top health outcome posed by PM exposure. The aorta and endothelium vascular were the principal locations of atherosclerotic lesions, which were enhanced by PM exposure. Oxidative stress and inflammation were of special concern in the current mechanistic research system. The top high-frequency MeSH terms were clustered, and four popular topics were further presented. Conclusion Based on the quantitative analysis of bibliographic information and MeSH terms, we were able to define the study characteristics and popular topics in the field of PM and atherosclerosis. Our analysis would provide a comprehensive background reference for researchers in this field of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.,State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Xiaofeng Jia
- Institute of Medical Information & Library, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Xianliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yongdong Zhao
- Department of Toxicology, Baotou Medical College of Public Health, Baotou, 014040, China
| | - Weidong Hao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Jiang F, Wang J, Zhang R, Chen M, Peng D, Sun X, Yan J, Luo Y, Tang S, Hu C, Jia W. Effects of active and passive smoking on the development of cardiovascular disease as assessed by a carotid intima-media thickness examination in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2016; 42:444-50. [PMID: 25708055 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Carotid intima-media thickness has been widely used as a surrogate end-point for cardiovascular disease, myocardial infarction, and stroke. This study aimed to assess the effects of active and passive smoking exposure on the development of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Seven hundred twenty-two patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were recruited for the study. A standardized questionnaire on smoking status, pack-years of smoking, and the number of years of smoking cessation was provided to the patients, and their responses were collected for analysis. The carotid intima-media thickness, carotid plaque, and the internal diameter of the common carotid artery were determined by high-resolution B-mode ultrasonography. Compared to non-smokers, passive female smokers had a higher risk of cardiovascular disease (odds ratio = 3.50, 95% confidence interval: 1.29-9.49, P = 0.009); they also had a significantly larger common carotid artery (P = 0.041) and risk of carotid plaque (odds ratio = 2.20, 95% confidence interval: 1.1980-4.0505, P = 0.01). Both active and passive male smokers had a significantly greater carotid intima-media thickness than non-smokers (P = 0.003 and P = 0.005, respectively). Male active smokers had a significantly higher risk of carotid plaque (odds ratio = 2.88, 95% confidence interval: 1.4788-5.6094, P = 0.001). In conclusion, cumulative active and passive smoking exposures are significant risk factors for carotid atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Our results highlight the importance of endorsing a smoke-free environment for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Jiang
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai, China; Department of Paediatrics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affilziated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Chen W, Yun M, Fernandez C, Li S, Sun D, Lai CC, Hua Y, Wang F, Zhang T, Srinivasan SR, Johnson CC, Berenson GS. Secondhand smoke exposure is associated with increased carotid artery intima-media thickness: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Atherosclerosis 2015; 240:374-9. [PMID: 25875389 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure increases cardiovascular disease risk. The objective of this study was to examine the association of SHS exposure in childhood and adulthood with adult arterial thickness. METHODS The study cohort consisted of 415 nonsmoking adults (301 whites and 114 blacks; ages 26.2-48.0 years) enrolled in 2004-2010. The arterial wall thickness was measured as common, bulb and internal carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT). SHS exposure data in childhood and adulthood were obtained by a questionnaire survey. RESULTS Increased adult composite carotid IMT was significantly associated with SHS exposure (regression coefficient, β = 53.1 μm, p < 0.001) after adjusting for race, age, gender, education, income, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides/HDL cholesterol ratio, with blacks (β = 81.2 μm, p = 0.005) and whites (β = 38.9 μm, p = 0.017) showing the same direction of the association. Furthermore, the SHS exposure in childhood showed a relatively stronger association with increased carotid IMT than the exposure in adulthood based on standardized βs (0.180 vs. 0.106); the same trend in the difference between childhood and adulthood exposure was noted for duration of SHS exposure (0.186 vs. 0.145). The covariates-adjusted composite carotid IMT showed a significant increasing trend by the order of exposure status of none, adulthood only, childhood only and both (p for trend<0.001). CONCLUSIONS If the relationship is causal, the associations observed in this study suggest that more awareness should be raised on the dangers of SHS exposure during childhood so that its effect may be mitigated and controlled early in the cardiovascular disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| | - Miaoying Yun
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA; College of Life and Environment Sciences, Minzu University, Beijing, China
| | - Camilo Fernandez
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Shengxu Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Dianjianyi Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Chin-Chih Lai
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA; Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yingxiao Hua
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Fu Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | | | - Carolyn C Johnson
- Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Cascio WE. Life Style. Atherosclerosis 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118828533.ch8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Thomas GS, Wann LS, Allam AH, Thompson RC, Michalik DE, Sutherland ML, Sutherland JD, Lombardi GP, Watson L, Cox SL, Valladolid CM, Abd el-Maksoud G, Al-Tohamy Soliman M, Badr I, El-Halim Nur el-din A, Clarke EM, Thomas IG, Miyamoto MI, Kaplan HS, Frohlich B, Narula J, Stewart AF, Zink A, Finch CE. Why Did Ancient People Have Atherosclerosis? From Autopsies to Computed
Tomography to Potential Causes. Glob Heart 2014; 9:229-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gheart.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Prugger C, Wellmann J, Heidrich J, De Bacquer D, Perier MC, Empana JP, Reiner Ž, Fras Z, Jennings C, Kotseva K, Wood D, Keil U. Passive smoking and smoking cessation among patients with coronary heart disease across Europe: results from the EUROASPIRE III survey. Eur Heart J 2013; 35:590-8. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christof Prugger
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Centre, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S970, 56 rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jürgen Wellmann
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jan Heidrich
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Dirk De Bacquer
- Department of Public Health, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marie-Cécile Perier
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Centre, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S970, 56 rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Empana
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Centre, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S970, 56 rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Željko Reiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Centre, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zlatko Fras
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Catriona Jennings
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kornelia Kotseva
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Wood
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrich Keil
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Zhang J, Fang SC, Mittleman MA, Christiani DC, Cavallari JM. Secondhand tobacco smoke exposure and heart rate variability and inflammation among non-smoking construction workers: a repeated measures study. Environ Health 2013; 12:83. [PMID: 24083379 PMCID: PMC3906998 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-12-83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although it has been well recognized that exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) is associated with cardiovascular mortality, the mechanisms and time course by which SHS exposure may lead to cardiovascular effects are still being explored. METHODS Non-smoking workers were recruited from a local union and monitored inside a union hall while exposed to SHS over approximately 6 hours. Participants were fitted with a continuous electrocardiographic monitor upon enrollment which was removed at the end of a 24-hr monitoring period. A repeated measures study design was used where resting ECGs and blood samples were taken from individuals before SHS exposure (baseline), immediately following SHS exposure (post) and the morning following SHS exposure (next-morning).Inflammatory markers, including high sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) and white blood cell count (WBC) were analyzed. Heart rate variability (HRV) was analyzed from the ECG recordings in time (SDNN, rMSSD) and frequency (LF, HF) domain parameters over 5-minute periods. SHS exposure was quantified using a personal fine particulate matter (PM2.5) monitor.Linear mixed effects regression models were used to examine within-person changes in inflammatory and HRV parameters across the 3 time periods. Exposure-response relationships with PM2.5 were examined using mixed effects models. All models were adjusted for age, BMI and circadian variation. RESULTS A total of 32 male non-smokers were monitored between June 2010 and June 2012. The mean PM2.5 from SHS exposure was 132 μg/m3. Immediately following SHS exposure, a 100 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 was associated with declines in HRV (7.8% [standard error (SE) =3%] SDNN, 8.0% (SE = 3.9%) rMSSD, 17.2% (SE = 6.3%) LF, 29.0% (SE = 10.1%) HF) and increases in WBC count 0.42 (SE = 0.14) k/μl. Eighteen hours following SHS exposure, a 100 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 was associated with 24.2% higher CRP levels. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggest that short-term SHS exposure is associated with significantly lower HRV and higher levels of inflammatory markers. Exposure-associated declines in HRV were observed immediately following exposure while higher levels of CRP were not observed until 18 hours following exposure. Cardiovascular autonomic and inflammation responses may contribute to the pathophysiologic pathways that link SHS exposure with adverse cardiovascular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shona C Fang
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- New England Research Institutes, Inc, Watertown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Murray A Mittleman
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David C Christiani
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer M Cavallari
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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Nagarajappa R, Daryani H, Sharda AJ, Asawa K, Batra M, Sanadhya S, Ramesh G. Knowledge and attitude towards smoking among Indian students of dentistry. Int Dent J 2013; 63:244-8. [PMID: 24074018 DOI: 10.1111/idj.12033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Active cigarette smoking is the major cause of lung cancer and an important established cause of cardiovascular disease mortality. Risks have been shown to increase with even light or intermittent active smoking. OBJECTIVES To assess the prevalence of smoking, age of initiation and the knowledge and attitude towards smoking among dental college students of Rajasthan, India. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1,383 undergraduate and postgraduate dental college students of Rajasthan using self-administered closed-ended questionnaires consisting of 14 questions divided into four sections. A chi-square test was used to determine the association between dependent and independent variables. RESULTS Of all the participants, 777 (56.2%) were male and 606 (43.8%) were female. Among these 258 (33.2%) males and 51 (8.4%) females had tried or experimented smoking. Majority of males (24.7%) initiated this habit at a very young age, before 16 years. About 79.5% males and 72.3% females felt that it was difficult to quit smoking. According to 88.1% females and 48.7% males, people feel less comfortable at public places or social gatherings. CONCLUSION The study has shown that the smoking prevalence among dental college students is high and has managed to contribute additional information regarding their attitude towards smoking. Comprehensive tobacco education and smoking cessation programmes should be aggressively promoted in dental settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Nagarajappa
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Pacific Dental College and Hospital, Udaipur, India
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Budoff MJ. CV Risk of Secondhand Tobacco Exposure. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2013; 6:658-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Yankelevitz DF, Henschke CI, Yip R, Boffetta P, Shemesh J, Cham MD, Narula J, Hecht HS. Second-Hand Tobacco Smoke in Never Smokers Is a Significant Risk Factor for Coronary Artery Calcification. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2013; 6:651-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Cigarette smoking associated with lung adenocarcinoma in situ in a large case-control study (SFBALCS). J Thorac Oncol 2013; 7:1352-60. [PMID: 22814813 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0b013e31825aba47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS), formerly bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, is an uncommon subtype of lung adenocarcinoma and accounts for approximately 3% to 4% of lung cancers. Compared with other lung cancer histologies, AIS patients are less likely to be smokers, yet associations with other lung cancer risk factors and differences by sex have not been determined. METHODS A total of 338 AIS patients and frequency-matched controls from the parent study (cases = 6039, controls = 2073) were included in these analyses. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals as estimates of the relative risk were obtained from multivariable unconditional logistic regression analyses. RESULTS Risk of AIS was associated with ever smoking (OR = 2.7, 95% confidence intervals: 2.1, 3.6), increased 20% to 30% for each 10-year increase in pack-years of smoking and decreased with increased years since quitting (p for trend <0.0001). There was no evidence that risk differed by sex but there was some suggestion that risk may differ by exposure to asbestos and by second-hand tobacco smoke exposure in whites. CONCLUSION There is an association between AIS and smoking, which is smaller in magnitude than the association between other subtypes of non-small-cell lung cancer and smoking. Our findings suggesting that effects may differ by exposure to asbestos and second-hand tobacco smoke should be interpreted conservatively and warrant validation and further evaluation in larger studies of AIS.
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Gudmundsson EF, Gudnason V, Sigurdsson S, Launer LJ, Harris TB, Aspelund T. Coronary artery calcium distributions in older persons in the AGES-Reykjavik study. Eur J Epidemiol 2012; 27:673-87. [PMID: 22990371 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-012-9730-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Coronary Artery Calcium (CAC) is a sign of advanced atherosclerosis and an independent risk factor for cardiac events. Here, we describe CAC-distributions in an unselected aged population and compare modelling methods to characterize CAC-distribution. CAC is difficult to model because it has a skewed and zero inflated distribution with over-dispersion. Data are from the AGES-Reykjavik sample, a large population based study [2002-2006] in Iceland of 5,764 persons aged 66-96 years. Linear regressions using logarithmic- and Box-Cox transformations on CAC+1, quantile regression and a Zero-Inflated Negative Binomial model (ZINB) were applied. Methods were compared visually and with the PRESS-statistic, R(2) and number of detected associations with concurrently measured variables. There were pronounced differences in CAC according to sex, age, history of coronary events and presence of plaque in the carotid artery. Associations with conventional coronary artery disease (CAD) risk factors varied between the sexes. The ZINB model provided the best results with respect to the PRESS-statistic, R(2), and predicted proportion of zero scores. The ZINB model detected similar numbers of associations as the linear regression on ln(CAC+1) and usually with the same risk factors.
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Yang B, Li M, Chen B, Xu Y, Li TD. Deterioration of endothelial function and carotid intima-media thickness in Tibetan male adolescents exposed to second-hand smoke. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2012; 13:413-9. [PMID: 22465995 DOI: 10.1177/1470320312440901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It has been commonly accepted that second-hand smoke (SHS) is associated with atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction. There is growing evidence that the changes might begin in childhood. Unfortunately, no study has focused on the early atherosclerosis of Tibetan adolescents exposed to SHS. AIMS We aimed to investigate the endothelial function and carotid atherosclerosis in healthy school-aged Tibetan male adolescents. MATERIALS AND METHODS All passive smoking participants (SHS) were students were 16 years old and male, and were recruited through middle schools in Lhasa city. In total 624 subjects were accepted after excluding subjects who actively smoked. The adolescents were divided into three groups according to serum cotinine level: high cotinine group (High Group) with 205 boys, intermediate cotinine group (Intermediate Group) with 210 boys, and low cotinine group (Low Group) with 209 boys. Venous blood was sampled for the measurement of cotinine concentration, lipid profile and endothelin-1 (ET-1) quantitation. High-resolution B-mode ultrasonography was performed to evaluate carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) and intima smoothness. The invasive vascular endothelial function was evaluated through the measurement of flow-mediated dilation (FMD) with B-mode ultrasound and ankle-brachial index (ABI) by using a blood pressure cuff and a Doppler instrument. RESULTS No statistical significance was found between groups in total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, ApoA-I, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate (p>0.05). In the lipid profile, only apolipoprotein B (ApoB) values were different between groups: ApoB in the High Group was higher than in the Low Group (p=0.0164). Plasma ET-1 concentrations in the High Group were also much higher than in the Intermediate and Low Groups (p=0.0112, p<0.001). The cIMT and intima smoothness had deteriorated in the High Group compared with the Low Group (p<0.001 and p<0.05 respectively). FMD and ABI, which indicate vascular endothelial function, was decreased in the High Group compared with the Intermediate and Low Groups (FMD, p<0.001; ABI, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS SHS was associated with sub-clinical carotid atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction in Tibetan school-aged male adolescents. Considering the widespread exposure to SHS and the clinical relevance of early atherosclerosis, this result is of public health importance in Tibet, where health education is not satisfactory. Data from our study emphasize the importance of endorsing smoke-free environments for adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Cardiovascular Department, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
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