Case Report
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2021.
World J Clin Cases. Feb 16, 2021; 9(5): 1087-1095
Published online Feb 16, 2021. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i5.1087
Table 1 Summary of outpatient anticoagulation management by pharmacist
Date                 
Warfarin dosage in mg/d
INR,Pharmacist intervention node
Pharmacist medication intervention
Warfarin dosage changes
1.5-2.5
2019-05-1930.97Taking rifampicin, doxycycline and other drugs at the same timeNone
2019-05-2430.97Taking rifampicin, doxycycline and other drugs at the same timeNone
2019-05-303.750.97(1)Taking rifampicin, doxycycline and other drugs at the same timeIncreased to 3.75 mg/d (+ 25%)
2019-06-103.750.97Taking rifampicin, doxycycline and other drugs at the same timeNone
2019-06-1051.01(2)Taking rifampicin, doxycycline and other drugs at the same time. Considering there was no significant change in INR value when warfarin dosage was 3.75 mg/d, warfarin dosage increased and changed to imported warfarinIncreased to 5.00 mg/d (+ 33%)
2019-06-1861.06(2)Taking rifampicin, doxycycline and other drugs at the same time. Considering there was no significant change in INR value when warfarin dosage was 5.00 mg/d, warfarin dosage increased and changed to imported warfarinIncrease to 6.00 mg/d (+ 20%)
2019-06-206.751.2(3)Taking rifampicin, doxycycline and other drugs at the same time. The INR value increased, and the warfarin dose continued to increase slightlyIncreased to 6.75 mg/d (+ 12%)
2019-07-097.51.26(4)Taking rifampicin, doxycycline and other drugs at the same time. The INR value increased, and the warfarin dose continued to increase slightlyIncreased to 7.50 mg/d (+ 11%)
2019-07-238.251.49(4)Taking rifampicin, doxycycline and other drugs at the same time. The INR value increased, and the warfarin dose continued to increase slightlyIncreased to 8.25 mg/d (+ 10%)
2019-07-309.751.57Taking rifampicin and doxycycline at the same time. The lower limit of the INR value guideline was reached, but the increase was limited, so continued to increase warfarin dosage significantlyIncreased to 9.75 mg/d (+ 18%)
2019-08-1210.51.63Taking rifampicin and doxycycline at the same time. Reaching the INR value therapeutic range. Continued to increase slightlyIncreased to 10.5 mg/d (+ 8%)
2019-08-1910.51.6(5)Taking rifampicin and doxycycline at the same timeNone
2019-08-228.251.58(5)Stopped taking rifampicin and doxycycline. There is no more rifampicin interaction. Taking into account that 10.5 mg/d was the highest dose we used and stopping rifampicin could have a great impact, we greatly reduced the warfarin doseReduced to 8.25 mg/d (-21%)
2019-08-247.51.65(6)Considering the long half-life of warfarin, we continued to reduce the warfarin doseReduced to 7.50 mg/d (-9%)
2019-09-0361.9(6)7.50 mg/d is already a large dose for Asians. INR value was increased after the 9% dosage reduction. Continued to reduce the dosageReduced to 6.00 mg/d (-20%)
2019-09-1061.78(7)In the therapeutic range. No changeNone
2019-09-177.51.63(7)INR value decreased, so increased warfarin doseIncreased to 7.50 mg/d (+ 25%)
2019-09-258.251.72(7)Limited rise in INR, so increased warfarin doseIncreased to 8.25 mg/d (+ 10%)
2019-10-228.252.64(8)Occasionally higher INR value observedNone
2019-11-228.252.68(8)INR was still high. Occasional bleeding gumsNone
2019-12-097.52.38(9)INR was in the range of 1.5-2.5Reduced to 7.50 mg/d (-9%)
2020-02-147.51.78(10)INR was in the range of 1.5-2.5None
2019-03-097.51.98INR was in the range of 1.5-2.5None
Table 2 Summary of studies reporting interaction of rifampin and warfarin
Ref.
Country
Race
Age in yr
Sex
Therapeutic INR range
Disease
Warfarin dose range in mg/d
Warfarin dose adjustment
Romankiewicz et al[8], 1975United StatesBlack48MaleProthrombin timeTuberculosis, pulmonary embolism7.5-20Starting dose of 7.5 mg/d, increased to 20 mg/d within 8 d, and warfarin dose decreased by 50% 7 d after rifampicin was discontinued
Self et al[25], 1975United StatesUnknown72MaleProthrombin timePulmonary tuberculosis, pulmonary embolism5-20Initially 5 mg/d, increased to 20 mg/d, decreased to 15 mg/d after 8 d of rifampicin discontinuation, and gradually decreased to 10 mg/d
Almog et al[26], 1988IsraelWhite30FemaleProthrombin timeChronic obstructive lung disease, pulmonary tuberculosis, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism8.7-15.3Average 15.3 mg/d to attain therapeutic INR and decreased by 50% to average 8.7 mg/d after rifampicin discontinued
Casner et al[27], 1996United StatesBlack36Male2.0-3.0Staphylococcus aureus infection, pulmonary embolism5-2010 mg/d, increased to 20 mg/d in 20 d, decreased to 5 mg/d immediately after rifampin is stopped
Lee et al[22], 2001United StatesUnknown58Female2.0-3.0Pulmonary tuberculosis, left ventricular dysfunction5-25Starting at 5 mg/d, increased by 233% over 4 mo and unable to attain therapeutic INR during rifampicin combination. A gradual 70% reduction in warfarin dose over 4-5 wk after rifampicin discontinued
Baciewicz et al[9], 2013United StatesUnknown79Male2.0-3.0Deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, osteomyelitis5-25Taking long-term warfarin at 5 mg/d, the dose increased by 10%-25% weekly to 25 mg/d after combined use. The dose was reduced by 70% within 4-5 wk to 5 mg/d after rifampicin discontinued
Unal et al[28], 2007TurkeyUnknown16Female2.0-3.0Drug abuseAcute event, not comparable
Krajewski et al[18], 2010United StatesWhite71Male2.0-3.0Deep vein thrombosis, prosthetic knee infection due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus5-25Starting at 5 mg/d, increased to 25 mg/d in 2 mo, and the 5-fold increase did not reach the therapeutic INR. After stopping rifampicin, it was reduced by 30% to 17.5 mg/d, and after 3 d it was reduced by 20% to 12.5 mg/d, reduced to 10 mg/d after 1 wk, then gradually reduced to 5-5.5 mg/d in the next 2-3 mo
Martins et al[19], 2013BrazilNon-white59Female2.0-3.0Atrial fibrillation, pleural TB5.3-11Long-term use of 7.5 mg/d, increased to 11 mg/d within 3 mo after combined use, hematuria occurred after rifampicin was discontinued, the drug was stopped twice, the dose decreased by 33% to 7.5 mg/d, and then adjusted to 5.3 mg/d
Fahmi et al[20], 2016Sri LankaWhite34Female2.5-3.5Mitral valve replacement, infective endocarditis7.5-307.5 mg/d, conservatively increased to 15 mg/d in 1 mo, 22 mg/d in 2 wk, and then increased to 30 mg/d. Continuous monitoring of INR value after antibiotics discontinued without dose adjustment. At 11 d of discontinuation, the INR value increased to 10.2, then dose reduced to 7.5 mg/d
Raru et al[29], 2019United StatesWhite67Male2.0-3.0Pulmonary vein thrombosis, tuberculosis-10 mg/d