Metabolic syndrome, ApoE genotype, and cognitive dysfunction in an elderly population: A single-center, case-control study

Table 1 Baseline study characteristics in elderly patients with vs without metabolic syndrome

	Control, n = 102	MS, n = 100	t/χ2	P value
Mean age (years)	75.32 ± 7.55	76.45 ± 6.90	0.443	0.506
Male, n (%)	66 (64.7)	67 (67.0)	0.118	0.731
Educated, n (%)	95 (93.1)	89 (89.0)	1.065	0.302
Intelligent working, n (%)	90 (88.2)	80 (80.0)	2.569	0.109
Living alone, n (%)	10 (9.8)	14 (14.0)	0.849	0.357
Current smoking, n (%)	40 (39.2)	47 (47.0)	1.248	0.264
Alcohol drinking, n (%)	14 (13.7)	18 (18.0)	0.692	0.405
Systolic BP (mmHg)	121.00 ± 11.29	150.30 ± 14.50	8.032	0.005
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	71.68 ± 6.82	78.57 ± 8.42	5.304	0.022
Waist circumference (cm)	82.64 ± 6.87	93.44 ± 8.48	5.529	0.020
BMI (kg/m2)	22.88 ± 2.76	26.39 ± 2.37	3.583	0.060
FPG (mmoL/L)	6.09 ± 1.54	7.73 ± 2.03	5.581	0.019
FINS (mIU/L)	10.46 ± 5.34	14.46 ± 6.67	5.188	0.024
HOMA-IR	2.96 ± 2.02	5.17 ± 3.40	17.449	< 0.001
HbA1c (%)	3.71 ± 1.53	4.67 ± 1.91	5.749	0.017
ALT (IU/L)	19.98 ± 10.20	22.04 ± 11.51	1.119	0.292
ALB (g/L)	37.97 ± 4.98	38.49 ± 4.28	0.721	0.580
SCr (μmoL/L)	80.72 ± 20.31	79.94 ± 21.86	1.316	0.253
UA (μmoL/L)	327.64 ± 92.27	325.86 ± 90.06	0.014	0.907
TG (mmoL/L)	1.50 ± 0.74	2.20 ± 1.10	4.069	0.045
TC (mmoL/L)	3.86 ± 0.84	4.14 ± 1.14	4.471	0.031
LDL-C (mmoL/L)	2.10 ± 0.70	2.60 ± 0.84	3.632	0.058
HDL-C (mmoL/L)	1.55 ± 0.52	1.28 ± 0.38	-1.706	0.003
HCY (μmoL/L)	13.41 ± 4.90	13.95 ± 4.54	1.743	0.188
MMSE scale	25.93 ± 3.26	21.50 ± 4.51	11.268	0.001
ADL score	90.25 ± 14.20	82.30 ± 16.06	4.038	0.046
Cognitive dysfunction, n (%)	39 (38.2)	64 (64.0)	13.413	< 0.001
ApoEε4 allele, n (%)	12 (11.8)	21 (21.0)	3.151	0.076

Continuous data are presented as means and standard deviations. Categorized data are presented as numbers and percentiles. MS: Metabolic syndrome; BP: Blood pressure; BMI: Body mass index; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; FINS: Fasting insulin; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis model of assessment for insulin resistance index; HbA_1c: Glycosylated hemoglobulin; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; ALB: Albumin; SCr: Serum creatinine; UA: Uric acid; TG: Triglyceride; TC: Total cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HCY: Homocysteine; MMSE: Mini-mental status examination; ADL: Activities of daily living.

Table 2 Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and ApoEε4 in patients with vs without cognitive dysfunction

	Normal cognitive function, n = 99	Cognitive dysfunction, n = 103	χ2 value	P value
MetS, n (%)	36 (36.4)	64 (62.1)	13.413	< 0.001
ApoEε4, n (%)	10 (10.1)	23 (22.3)	5.523	0.019

MetS: Metabolic syndrome.

Table 3 The association between clinical variables and cognitive dysfunction from the results of logistic regression analyses

Variables	β	SE	Wald	P value	OR
MetS	1.573	0.894	4.215	0.038	2.771
HOMA-IR	1.144	0.510	5.037	0.025	3.140
ApoE ε4	1.765	0.798	4.896	0.027	5.844
Systolic BP (mmHg)	0.068	0.030	4.935	0.026	1.070
Waist circumference (cm)	0.270	0.072	13.864	< 0.001	1.131

MetS: Metabolic syndrome; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis model of assessment for insulin resistance index; BP: Blood pressure.

Table 4 Potential correlations between metabolic syndrome and ApoEε4 and temporal changes in cognitive dysfunction during 1-year follow-up: Results of the repeated-measure analysis of variance

Team	n	F/P values (time)	F/P values (time × team)	F/P values (team)
MetS
Yes; No	100, 102	324.15/< 0.001	96.57/< 0.001	86.43/< 0.001
ApoE ε4
Yes; No	33, 169	351.94/< 0.001	77.90/< 0.001	24.65/< 0.001

MetS: Metabolic syndrome.