Retrospective Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2021.
World J Clin Cases. Dec 16, 2021; 9(35): 10861-10870
Published online Dec 16, 2021. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i35.10861
Table 1 Baseline characteristics of recruited patients, n (%)
Variable
Non-GER
GER
P value
n51982
Sex
Male 260 (50.10)32 (39.02)0.085
Female 259 (49.90)50 (60.98)
Age (yr)49.00 (35.00, 61.00)60.00 (42.00, 68.00)
Type of surgery
Orthopedics117 (22.54)24 (29.27)0.169
Abdominal402 (77.46)58 (70.73)
Operative time (min)85.00 (50.00, 140.00)120.00 (75.00, 190.00)
BMI (kg/m2)23.63 (20.96, 26.30)24.77 (20.28, 26.22)
Intraoperative blood loss (mL)200.00 (100.00, 300.00)250.00 (50.00, 350.00)
Smoking status
Never446 (85.93)64 (78.05)0.116
Current or former73 (14.07)18 (21.95)
Alcohol intake
Never477 (91.91)73 (89.02)0.436
Yes42 (8.09)9 (10.98)
Pharyngitis
Never472 (90.94)23 (28.05)< 0.001
Yes47 (9.06)59 (71.95)
History of GER
Never506 (97.50)66 (80.49)< 0.001
Yes13 (2.50)16 (19.51)
Other digestive tract diseases
Never497 (95.76)71 (86.59)0.023
Yes22 (4.24)11 (13.41)
Hypertension
Never413 (79.58)66 (80.49)0.846
Yes106 (20.42)16 (19.51)
Diabetes mellitus
Never457 (88.05)70 (85.37)0.523
Yes62 (11.95)12 (14.63)
History of asthma
Never501 (96.53)73 (89.02)0.041
Yes18 (3.47)9 (10.98)
Psychiatric history
Never510 (98.27)79 (96.34)0.375
Yes9 (1.73)3 (3.66)
History of respiratory infection (within 2 mo)
Never510 (98.27)80 (97.56)0.696
Yes9 (1.73)2 (2.44)
History of surgery
Never500 (96.34)76 (92.68)0.229
Yes19 (3.66)6 (7.32)
Lidocaine (2% mL)3.00 (2.20, 3.50)3.00 (2.30, 3.55)
Palliative
Midazolam 360 (69.36)64 (78.05)0.071
Dexmedetomidine159 (30.64)18 (21.95)
Sufentanil (g)
1010 (1.93)0 (0.00)0.032
15169 (32.56)36 (43.90)
20340 (65.51)46 (56.10)
Propofol (mg)100.00 (100.00, 100.00)100.00 (90.00, 100.00)
Rocuronium bromide50.00 (40.00, 50.00)50.00 (40.00, 50.00)
Sufentanil10.00 (10.00, 30.00)30.00 (10.00, 30.00)
SAI46.0146.10
TAI42.9042.90
SDS42.5942.50
Table 2 The risk factors for the incidence of gastroesophageal reflux by multivariate logistic regression analysis
Variables
β value
SD
Wald chi-square
OR (95%CI)
P value
Intercept 1-10.518182.1270.0030.954
Intercept 2-14.558182.1280.0060.936
Gender (female vs male)0.9940.4385.1442.702 (1.144-6.378)0.023
Age (yr) (continuous)0.0310.0126.8241.031 (1.008-1.056)0.009
Type of surgery-0.0180.3820.0020.982 (0.464-2.077)0.963
Operative time (min) (continuous)0.0030.0040.9041.003 (0.996-1.010)0.342
BMI (kg/m2) (continuous)-0.0490.0690.5160.952 (0.832-1.089)0.472
Intraoperative blood loss (mL) (continuous)-0.0000.0010.0811.000 (0.998-1.002)0.776
Smoking status0.8020.4742.8592.230 (0.880-5.650)0.091
Alcohol intake0.6020.5651.1351.826 (0.603-5.524)0.287
Pharyngitis 3.4460.35395.23431.388 (15.709-62.715)< 0.001
History of GER2.4790.53421.51311.925 (4.184-33.989)< 0.001
Other digestive tract diseases0.0280.5700.0021.028 (0.336-3.145)0.961
Hypertension-0.6610.4372.2940.516 (0.219-1.215)0.130
Diabetes mellitus-0.8540.5332.5680.426 (0.150-1.210)0.109
History of asthma0.3130.5940.2781.368 (0.427-4.383)0.598
Psychiatric history0.4670.8270.3191.596 (0.315-8.072)0.572
History of respiratory infection (within 2 mo)-0.5601.1550.2350.571 (0.059-5.492)0.628
History of surgery1.1810.6922.9153.258 (0.840-12.642)0.088
Lidocaine (2% mL) (continuous)0.0160.1210.0181.017 (0.802-1.289)0.892
Palliative (d vs midazolam)0.0050.4160.0001.005 (0.445-2.272)0.990
Sufentanil (g).
10---Ref..
1510.378182.1180.00332155.18 (0.000-3.36E159)0.955
2010.653182.1210.00342315.00 (0.000-4.44E159)0.953
Propofol (mg) (continuous)-0.0600.0284.6800.942 (0.892-0.994)0.031
Arden (mg) (continuous)-0.1850.2360.6190.831 (0.523-1.318)0.431
Rocuronium bromide (continuous)-0.0050.0500.0090.995 (0.902-1.098)0.926
Sufentanil (continuous)0.0160.0250.3831.016 (0.967-1.067)0.536
SAI (continuous)0.1340.0310.4971.011 (0.976-1.044)0.647
TAI (continuous)0.0060.0290.5161.004 (0.962-1.051)0.712
SDS (continuous)-0.0720.0130.3110.982 (0.948-1.035)0.562
Table 3 The factors associated with gastroesophageal reflux time by multivariate linear regression analyses
Variables
β value
SE
t value
P value
Intercept 12.06117.6160.6850.494
Gender1.7323.0790.5630.574
Age (yr) (continuous)0.2770.0952.9030.004
Type of surgery-0.8983.178-0.2830.778
Operative time (min) (continuous)0.1030.0313.378< 0.001
BMI (kg/m2) (continuous)-0.6670.517-1.2900.197
Intraoperative blood loss (mL) (continuous)-0.0070.007-1.0570.291
Smoking status6.8433.8211.7910.074
Alcohol intake3.3094.6920.7050.481
Pharyngitis 33.5663.4189.820< 0.001
History of gastroesophageal reflux13.8096.1112.2600.024
Other digestive tract diseases1.1655.8960.1980.844
Hypertension-8.5753.593-2.3860.017
Diabetes mellitus-2.4484.280-0.5720.568
History of asthma-2.4656.177-0.3990.690
Psychiatric history-5.4239.060-0.5990.550
History of respiratory infection (within 2 mo)-7.5389.566-0.7880.431
History of surgery4.4266.4430.6870.492
Lidocaine (2% mL) (continuous)-1.2240.927-1.3200.187
Palliative (d vs midazolam)4.6833.0091.5560.120
Sufentanil (g)
10ref---
151.82311.8490.1540.878
202.30113.6920.1680.867
Propofol (mg) (continuous)-0.1740.160-1.0930.275
Arden (mg) (continuous)1.4081.8570.7580.449
Rocuronium bromide (continuous)-0.0610.337-0.1820.856
Sufentanil (continuous)-0.0860.214-0.4010.689
SAI (continuous)-0.0530.031-0.2530.546
TAI (continuous)-0.0270.087-0.4360.658
SDS (continuous)0.0110.0530.2110.432