Gut-liver axis in cirrhosis: Are hemodynamic changes a missing link?

Table 1 Changes in the gut microbiome in cirrhosis according to data from different studies

Ref.	Taxa that increased in cirrhosis	Taxa that decreased in cirrhosis
Zhang et al[9], 2019	Bacteroidaceae	Prevotellaceae
Jin et al[10], 2019	Proteobacteria, Granulicatella	Bacteroidetes, Ruminococcaceae, Barnesiellaceae, Faecalibacterium, Dorea, Anaerostripes, RuminococcusButyricicoccus, Bilophila
Zeng et al[11], 2020	Proteobacteria, Bacteroides,Atopobium, AkkermansiaPrevotella, Parabacteroides
Kajihara et al[12], 2019	Enterobacteriaceae	Akkermansia, Rikenellaceae, Erysipelotrichales
Chen et al[13], 2020	Gammaproteobacteria, Bacilli, Erysipelotrichi	Clostridia
Zheng et al[14], 2020	Verrucomicrobia, Proteobacteria, Phyllobacterium, Sphingomonas, Enterococcus, Erysipelatoclostridium, and Romboutsia	Firmicutes, Tenericutes, Ralstonia, Catenibacterium, and Lachnospira
Lapidot et al[15], 2020	Gammaproteobacteria, Enterobacteria, Bacilli, Streptococcaceae, Alloscardovia, Atopobium	Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae
Bajaj et al[16], 2014; Bajaj et al[17], 2015	Staphylococcaeae, Enterococcaeae, Enterobacteriaceae	Porphyromonadaceae, Clostridialies XIV, Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaeae, Veillonellaceae
Ahluwalia et al[18], 2016	Lactobacillaceae, Enterococcaceae, Enterobacteriaceae	Clostridiales XIV, Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae
Liu et al[19], 2018	Firmicutes, Peptostreptococcaceae, Streptococcaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae, Clostridiaceae_1, Pasteurellaceae	Bacteroidetes, Bacteroidaceae, Prevotellaceae, Porphyromonadaceae, Acidaminococcaceae
Inoue et al[20], 2018	Bacilli, Streptococcus, Lactobacillus
Maslennikov et al[21], 2021	Bacilli, Bifidobacteriaceae, Streptococcaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Enterococcaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Proteobacteria	Clostridia, Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae
Chen et al[22], 2011	Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, Bacilli, Enterobacteriaceae, Pasteurellaceae, Streptococcaceae, Fusobacteriaceae, Veillonellaceae	Bacteroidetes, Lachnospira, Bacteroidaceae
Kakiyama et al[23], 2013	Enterobacteriaceae and Veillonellaceae	Blautia, Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae

Table 2 Correlation matrix of links of the gut-liver axis in cirrhosis (data from human studies)

	Gut dysbiosis	Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth	Intestinal barrier dysfunction	Bacterial translocation	Systemic inflammation	Hyperdynamic circulation	Severity of cirrhosis	Complications of cirrhosis	Prognosis
Gut dysbiosis		NR	+	+	+	NR	+	+	+
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth	NR		NR	+	+	+	+	+	NR
Intestinal barrier dysfunction	+	NR		+	+	NR	+	+	+
Bacterial translocation	+	+	+		+	+	+	+	+
Systemic inflammation	+	+	+	+		+	+	+	+
Hyperdynamic circulation	NR	+	NR	+	+		+	+	+
Severity of cirrhosis	+	+	+	+	+	+		+	+
Complications of cirrhosis	+	+	+	+	+	+	+		+
Prognosis	+	NR	+	+	+	+	+	+

+: Relations are reported; NR: Not reported.