Impact of different stereoisomers of inositol on insulin sensitivity of gestational diabetes mellitus patients

Table 1 Comparison of each groups of general material

Group	A, n = 20	B, n = 20	C, n = 20	D, n = 20	F	P value
Age in yr	27.61 ± 2.23	27.37 ± 2.16	26.82 ± 2.33	27.14 ± 1.99	0.4766	0.6995
Wk of pregnancy	39.29 ± 1.58	39.45 ± 1.42	38.65 ± 1.53	39.32 ± 1.52	1.122	0.3457
BMI in kg/m2	21.27 ± 2.63	21.36 ± 2.11	20.35 ± 1.53	20.69 ± 1.95	1.057	0.3727
Systolic pressure in mmHg	115 ± 10	111 ± 8	109 ± 6	110 ± 9	1.969	0.1257
Diastolic pressure in mmHg	71 ± 8	73 ± 8	72 ± 7	73 ± 9	0.2842	0.8366

Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. A: Control group; B: Myo-inositol treatment group; C: D-chiro-inositol treatment group; D: Myo-inositol + D-chiro-inositol treatment group. BMI: Body mass index.

Table 2 Comparison of blood glucose indicators of patients in each group before treatment and after treatment

Group		A, n = 20	B, n = 20	C, n = 20	D, n = 20	F	P value
Fasting glucose in mmol/L	Before treatment	5.52 ± 1.27	5.26 ± 1.23	5.28 ± 1.23	5.25 ± 1.26	0. 2094	0.8896
	After treatment	4.94 ± 1.14	4.97 ± 1.20	4.88 ± 0.99	4.77 ± 1.11	0.1260	0.9444
Two h postprandial glucose in mmol/L	Before treatment	8.52 ± 2.57	8.61 ± 2.25	8.72 ± 2.38	8.89 ± 2.57	0.2764	0.8423
	After treatment	7.87 ± 1.12	5.13 ± 1.40	4.71 ± 1.24	4.69 ± 1.20	30.12	< 0.0001
Glycosylated hemoglobin, %	Before treatment	5.72 ± 2.63	5.63 ± 2.59	5.78 ± 2.53	5.55 ± 2.27	0.0324	0.9921
	After treatment	5.57 ± 1.77	4.93 ± 1.54	4.58 ± 1.44	4.47 ± 1.20	2.178	0.0475
FINS in mmol/L	Before treatment	12.76 ± 1.85	12.97 ± 2.01	12.63 ± 1.73	12.53 ± 1.75	0.2136	0.8867
	After treatment	12.35 ± 1.76	10.56 ± 1.12	9.45 ± 1.71	9.86 ± 0.96	3.154	0.0296
TC in mmol/L	Before treatment	7.26 ± 0.62	7.42 ± 0.71	7.35 ± 0.83	7.25 ± 0.67	0.2553	0.8573
	After treatment	7.12 ± 0.67	5.18 ± 0.45	5.26 ± 0.52	5.33 ± 0.55	56.96	< 0.0001
TG in mmol/L	Before treatment	3.43 ± 0.52	3.31 ± 0.55	3.52 ± 0.64	3.63 ± 0.55	1.147	0.3356
	After treatment	3.13 ± 0.46	2.48 ± 0.48	2.13 ± 0.50	2.39 ± 0.42	16.65	< 0.0001

Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. FINS: Fasting insulin; TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglyceride.

Table 3 Comparison of homeostasis model assessment steady state model of each group

Group		A, n = 20	B, n = 20	C, n = 20	D, n = 20	F	P value
Before treatment	HOMA-IR	8.47 ± 0.99	8.32 ± 1.01	8.51 ± 0.95	8.44 ± 0.90	0.144	0.9330
	HOMA-ISI	-4.34 ± 0.47	-4.72 ± 0.52	-4.56 ± 0.55	-4.77 ± 0.56	2.708	0.0510
After treatment	HOMA-IR	3.78 ± 0.85	3.12 ± 0.69	2.92 ± 0.53	2.85 ± 0.77	6.942	0.003
	HOMA-ISI	-0.86 ± 0.32	-0.54 ± 0.26	-0.37 ± 0.38	-0.32 ± 0.29	7.844	0.002

Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. A: Control group; B: Myo-inositol treatment group; C: D-chiro-inositol treatment group; D: Myo-inositol + D-chiro-inositol treatment group; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance; HOMA-ISI: Homeostasis model assessment insulin sensitivity index.

Table 4 The occurrence rate of adverse maternal and infant outcomes in each group

Group	Hypoglycemia	Excessive amniotic fluid	Premature infants	Macrosomia	Fetal distress	Occurrence rate
A	1 (11)	1 (11)	1 (11)	3 (11)	1 (11)	7 (63.6)
B	0	1 (11)	0	1 (11)	0	2 (18.2)
C	0	1 (11)	0	0	0	1 (9.1)
D	0	0	1 (11)	0	0	1 (9.1)

Table 5 Comparison of adverse outcomes in different groups

Group	Occurrence rate	P value	1P value	2P value	3P value
A	7 (63.6)	0.045
B	2 (18.2)		0.135
C	1 (9.1)		0.047	1.000
D	1 (9.1)		0.047	1.000	1.000

P: Overall comparison of four groups;

¹P: A groups.

²P: B groups.

³P: C groups.