Review
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2021.
World J Clin Cases. Jan 16, 2021; 9(2): 308-320
Published online Jan 16, 2021. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i2.308
Table 1 Hydrophobicity of bile acid increases with the decrease of OH groups
Hydrophobicity
Types of bile acids
LowUDCA
CA
CDCA
DCA
HighLCA
Table 2 Central receptor involved in bile acid signaling
Receptor
Tissue
Cardiovascular tissue
Ligand
Regulatory mechanism
Direct action
Ref.
FXRLiver, kidney, gastrointestinalArteries, cardiomyocytesCDCA, LCA, DCARegulates BSEP expression and participates in the process of liver injury, activates I-BABP expression to mediate cholesterol secretion, inhibits vascular inflammation, decreases lipogenesis synthesis, increases lipoprotein clearance to prevent atherosclerosis, ameliorates post-MI cardiac dysfunction and remodelingNo[14-16]
PXR,VDRLivert-TubulescardiomyocytesLCADown-regulates CYP7A1 expression to eliminate BA toxicity, maintains lipid metabolism, regulates intracellular calcium flow and contractile forces, maintains the normal operation of cardiomyocytesNo[17-19]
MNervous, intestinal, gastrointestinalAorta, cardiomyocytesTC, LCT, TCAStimulates acetylcholine-induced inositol phosphorylation and MAP kinase phosphorylation, inhibits cAMP, amplitude, reduces CM contractionYes[20,21]
S1PLiver, nervous, immune Endothelial smooth muscle, cardiomyocytesTCA, UDCAInhibits formation of cAMP and antagonizes adrenergic receptor-mediated contractile force, protects heart from ischemia/reperfusion injury, involved in remodeling and differentiation of cardiac fibroblastsNo[22,23]
TGR5Liver, glands, fat, muscle, enteric, immuneAortic endothelialCA, DCA, CDCA, TLCA, TCDCAInhibits the secretion of TNF induced by LPS, downregulates GSK3 and upregulates PKB associated with cardiac hypertrophy, metabolic transformation of energy in cardiomyocytesYes[24,25]
BK channelLiver, brainEndothelial, cardiomyocytesLCACause vasodilation in liver and cerebral artery, plays role in diabetes, through mitochondrial BK channels confer cardioprotectionYes[26-28]