Coronary sinus endocarditis in a hemodialysis patient: A case report and review of literature

Table 1 Cases of infective endocarditis and septal thrombophlebitis involving the coronary sinus reported in the literature

Ref.	Age/sex	Symptoms	Characteristics of vegetation in the CS	Associated pathology	Pathogen	Therapy	Events
Cases of infective endocarditis
Takashima et al[7], 2016	64/M	Fever, fatigue	A sessile mass with mobile multi-lobules on the CS lumen	CAVF, vegetation on the MV and AV with moderate regurgitation, acute HF	Negative results in BC, Corynebacterium species in TC	Surgery	Multi-organ failure, DIC, died
Kasravi et al[8], 2004	31/M	Fever, pleuritic chest pain	A mobile and multi-lobulated mass protruding from the CS to the RA	CAVF	MSSA in BC	Surgery	SE (lung) and DIC, recovered
Song et al[4], 2018	71/M	Fever, chest pain, hemoptysis	A banded mobile mass in the CS	ASD, PLSVC, severe eccentric TR jet to the CS, RV dysfunction with RAE, moderate PHT	MSSA in BC	Surgery	SE (lung), recovered
Kumar et al[10], 2016	27/F	Septic shock	A pedunculated mobile mass 1 cm proximal from the CS orifice to the Eustachian valve	IVDU	MSSA in BC	Antibiotics	SE (lung, viscera), recovered
Machado et al[11], 2010	44/M	Fever, dyspnea	A mobile mass originating in the CS orifice, extending to the RA	Purulent pericardial effusion	MSSA in BC	Surgery	Recovered
Gill et al[12], 2005	37/M	Fever, weight loss	A mobile mass in the CS and CAVF	CAVF	Streptococcus mitis in BC	Antibiotics	Recovered
Theodoropoulos et al[9], 2016	28/F	Fever, hemoptysis	Two mobile masses towards the CS orifice and in the CS lumen	IVDU, eccentric moderate TR jet to the CS	Group C Streptococcus in BC	Antibiotics	Recovered
Kwan et al[13], 2014	23/F	Fever	A mobile round mass protruding from the CS orifice	HD	Acinetobacter baumanii in BC	Antibiotics	Recovered
Our case	91/M	Septic shock	A mobile band-like mass protruding from the CS orifice	HD, eccentric moderate TR jet to the CS	Negative results in BC	Antibiotics	Died
Cases of septic thrombophlebitis
Ross et al[14], 1985	31/M	Fever, dyspnea	Occlusion of the CS orifice by fungal thrombi (in necropsy)	Lymphoma, occlusion of the LCA by fungal thrombi (in necropsy)	Negative results in fungal culture, Aspergillus fumigatus in the lung, LCA and CS	Antibiotics	Died
Dryer et al[15], 1976	20/M	Fever, disturbed mental state	Occlusion of the CS orifice by septic thrombophlebitis (in necropsy)	IVDU, vegetation on the MV, multi-organ embolic infarction (in necropsy)	MSSA in BC	Antibiotics	SE (muti-organs), died
Jones et al[16], 2004	50/M	Fever	A mass protruding from the CS orifice to the RA, and extending to the posterior interventricular vein	Previous pericardiectomy due to purulent pericarditis, recurrent furunculosis	MSSA in BC	Surgery	SE (lung), recovered
Fournet et al[17], 2014	38/F	Fever, chest pain,	A mobile mass originating from the CS ostium with heterogeneous solid material	Purulent pericardial effusion	MSSA in BC	Antibiotics	SE (lung), recovered

CS: Coronary sinus; M: Male; F: Female; CAVF: Coronary arteriovenous fistula between left circumferential artery and coronary sinus; MV: Mitral valve; AV: Aortic valve; HF: Heart failure; BC: Blood culture; TC: Tissue culture; DIC: Disseminated intravascular coagulation; RA: Right atrium; MSSA: Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus; SE: Septic embolism; ASD: Atrial septal defect; PLSVC: Persistent left superior vena cava; TR: Tricuspid regurgitation; RV: Right ventricle; RAE: Right atrial enlargement; PHT: Pulmonary hypertension; IVDU: Intravenous drug user; HD: Hemodialysis; LCA: Left coronary arteries including left anterior descending and left circumflex arteries.