Efficacy of topical vs intravenous tranexamic acid in reducing blood loss and promoting wound healing in bone surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 1 Population/Patient, Exposure/Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome strategy

PICO or PECO strategy	Description
P	Population/Patient: Adult patients
E	Exposure/Intervention: Tranexamic acid
C	Comparison: Placebo or standard care
O	Outcome: Blood loss

PECO: Population/Patient, Exposure, Comparison, and Outcome; PICO: Population/Patient, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome.

Table 2 Studies selected for systematic review and meta-analysis

	Ref.	Study design	Sample size	Procedure	Intervention group and control group
1	Lei et al[17], 2020	RCT	132	Total knee arthroplasty	IV TXA, placebo
2	Luo et al[18], 2019	RCT	90	Trochanteric fracture surgery	IV TXA, placebo
3	Chen et al[19], 2019	RCT	166	Trochanteric fracture surgery	IV TXA, placebo
4	Zhang et al[20], 2019	RCT	50	Total knee arthroplasty	Topical TXA, IV TXA
5	Zhou et al[21], 2019	RCT	100	Intertrochanteric fractures	Topical TXA (1 g), placebo
6	Cvetanovich et al[22], 2018	RCT	110	Total shoulder arthroplasty	TXA, placebo
7	Huang et al[23], 2017	RCT	150	Total knee arthroplasty	Topical TXA (1 g), IV TXA, placebo
8	Vara et al[24], 2017	RCT	102	Total shoulder arthroplasty	Topical TXA, placebo
9	Goyal et al[25], 2017	RCT	168	Total knee arthroplasty	TXA, IV TXA
10	Chen et al[26], 2016	RCT	100	Total knee arthroplasty	Topical TXA, IV TXA
11	Drosos et al[27], 2016	RCT	90	Total knee arthroplasty	Topical TXA: 1 g, placebo, IV TXA
12	Keyhan et al[28], 2016	RCT	120	Total knee arthroplasty	Topical TXA: 3 g, placebo, IV TXA (500 g)
13	North et al[29], 2016	RCT	139	Total hip replacement	Topical TXA: 2 g, IV TXA (2 g)
14	Aguilera et al[30], 2015	RCT	150	Total knee arthroplasty	Topical TXA: 1 g, IV TXA (2 g), placebo
15	Eftekharian et al[31], 2015	RCT	56	Orthognathic surgery	Topical TXA: 1 g, placebo
16	Gillespie et al[32], 2015	RCT	111	Total shoulder arthroplasty	Topical TXA: 2 g, placebo
17	Taheriazam et al[33], 2015	RCT	80	Total hip replacement	Topical TXA, IV TXA
18	Yang et al[34], 2015	RCT	80	Total knee arthroplasty	Topical TXA, placebo

RCT: Randomized Controlled Trial; TXA: Tranexamic acid.