Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 65 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Liaoning, China

Table 1 Demographics and clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019, n (%)

Characteristic	Total (n = 65)	Nonsevere (n = 49)	Severe (n = 16)	P value
Age, yr	45.5 ± 14.4	43.6 ± 14.2	51.2 ± 14.1	0.067
Male sex	37 (56.9)	26 (53.1)	11 (68.8)	0.271
Current and former smokers	7 (10.8)	3 (6.1)	4 (25)	0.099
Comorbidities	29 (44.6)	20 (40.8)	9 (56.3)	0.281
Diabetes mellitus	9 (13.8)	8 (16.3)	1 (6.3)	0.551
Hypertension	10 (15.4)	9 (18.4)	1 (6.3)	0.443
Cardiovascular disease	4 (6.2)	3 (6.1)	1 (6.3)	1
Cerebrovascular disease	1 (1.5)	1 (2)	0 (0)	1
Chronic bronchitis	2 (3.1)	1 (2)	1 (6.3)	0.435
Chronic liver disease	4 (6.2)	4 (8.2)	0 (0)	0.565
Signs and symptoms
Fever	46 (70.8)	30 (61.2)	16 (100)	0.008
Highest temperature, °C	37.9 ± 0.9	37.7 ± 0.9	38.5 ± 0.6	< 0.001
< 37.3	17 (26.2)	17 (34.7)	0	NA
37.3-38.5	30 (46.2)	21 (42.9)	9 (56.3)	NA
> 38.5	18 9 (7.7%)	11 (22.4)	7 (43.8)	NA
Dry cough	39 (60)	27 (55.1)	12 (75)	0.158
Expectoration	19 (29.2)	14 (28.6)	5 (31.3)	1
Dyspnea	11 (17.2)	5 (10.2)	6 (40)	0.022
Fatigue	16 (24.6)	12 (24.5)	4 (25)	1
Myalgia	4 (6.2)	2 (4.1)	2 (12.5)	0.252
Pharyngalgia	8 (12.3)	6 (12.2)	2 (12.5)	1
Stuffy and runny nose	3 (4.6)	1 (2)	2 (12.5)	0.147
Hemoptysis	2 (3.1)	1 (2)	1 (6.3)	0.435
Chest pain	2 (3.1)	1 (2)	1 (6.3)	0.435
Headache	3 (4.6)	2 (4.1)	1 (6.3)	1
Nausea	3 (4.6)	2 (4.1)	1 (6.3)	1
Vomiting	2 (3.1)	2 (4.1)	0 (0)	1
Diarrhea	3 (4.6)	2 (4.1)	1 (6.3)	1
Days from illness onset to first hospital admission	4.7 ± 3.5	4.4 ± 3.4	5.6 ± 3.9	0.218
Heart rate, bpm1	82.6 ± 9	82.8 ± 9	82.1 ± 9.2	0.81
Respiratory rate, bpm2	19 (18-20)	18 (18-20)	20 (18.3-20)	0.084
Mean arterial pressure, mm Hg	98.2 ± 12	98 ± 12.9	98.8 ± 9.1	0.819

¹Beats per minute.

²Breaths per minute. NA: Not applicable.

Table 2 Radiological and laboratory findings of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019

	Normal range	Total (n = 65)	Nonsevere (n = 49)	Severe (n = 16)	P value
Chest CT findings, n (%)
Bilateral distribution	NA	53 (81.5)	37 (75.5)	16 (100)	0.069
Pure ground-glass opacity	NA	24 (36.9)	23 (46.9)	1 (6.3)	0.003
Ground-glass opacity and Consolidation	NA	41 (63.1)	26 (53.1)	15 (93.8)	0.003
Peripheral distribution	NA	65 (100)	49 (100)	16 (100)	NA
Peripheral and central distribution	NA	26 (40)	17 (34.7)	9 (56.3)	0.126
Laboratory findings
White blood cell count, × 109/L	3.5-9.5	5 (3.47-6.75)	5 (3.47-6.8)	5.01 (3.59-5.51)	0.976
Neutrophil count, × 109/L	1.8-6.3	3.71 ± 2.58	3.26 ± 1.59	5.1 ± 4.2	0.104
Lymphocyte count, × 109/L	1.1-3.2	1.15 (0.83-1.78)	1.3 (0.9-1.95)	0.82 (0.44-1.08)	< 0.001
< 1.0, n (%)	NA	26 (40)	15 (30.6)	11 (68.8)	0.007
Monocyte count, × 109/L	0.1-0.6	0.41 (0.3-0.41)	0.4 (0.35-0.47)	0.4 (0.3-0.4)	0.253
Platelet count, × 109/L	125-350	200 ± 72	204 ± 79	188 ± 47	0.445
Prothrombin time, s	11-14	11.58 (10.5-12)	11.5 (10.5-11.6)	11.5 (10.4-12.2)	0.788
D-dimer, mg/L	0-0.55	0.27 (0.18-0.44)	0.27 (0.16-0.27)	0.51 (0.27-0.81)	< 0.001
Albumin, g/L	35-50	35.6 ± 5.5	36.2 ± 5.2	33.6 ± 6.1	0.099
Alanine aminotransferase, U/L	0-40	29 (19.5-48.5)	29 (17-40)	41.5 (21.8-69.3)	0.068
Aspartate aminotransferase, U/L	0-40	25 (20-31)	25 (17-29)	27.5 (22.3-43.5)	0.105
Total bilirubin, mmol/L	3-22	18.5 ± 6.6	17.7 ± 6.1	21.1 ± 7.7	0.08
Creatinine, μmol/L	58-110	56.8 ± 13.8	56.6 ± 14.4	57.4 ± 12.2	0.843
Blood urea nitrogen, mmol/L	2.5-6.1	3.7 ± 1.1	3.6 ± 0.9	4.2 ± 1.3	0.046
Creatine kinase, U/L	55-170	50 (35-79)	50 (32.5-62.5)	74 (48.3-130)	0.03
Creatine kinase-MB, U/L	0-16	2 (1-6.5)	2 (1-4)	5.5 (2-12.1)	0.015
Lactate dehydrogenase, U/L	313-618	461 (407-614)	450 (386-479)	707 (592-980)	< 0.001
> 618, n (%)	NA	16 (24.6)	4 (8.2)	12 (75)	< 0.001
Potassium, mmol/L	3.5-5.1	4.1 ± 0.5	4.3 ± 0.5	3.8 ± 0.5	0.001
Sodium, mmol/L	137-145	134 ± 3.5	135 ± 3.1	132 ± 3.8	0.002
C-reactive protein, mg/L	0-8	6.2 (2.9-28.7)	6.1 (1.5-7.2)	52 (12.7-100.8)	< 0.001
> 8, n (%)	NA	21 (32.3)	9 (18.4)	12 (75)	< 0.001
Procalcitonin, ng/mL	0-0.25	0.04 (0.04-0.05)	0.04 (0.04-0.05)	0.043 (0.04-0.08)	0.084
Duration of viral shedding after COVID-19 onset	NA	19.5 (17-24)	19.5 (16-21)	23.5 (19.6-30.3)	0.001

CT: Computed tomography; COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019; NA: Not applicable.

Table 3 Severity of Illness Scores of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019

	Total (n = 65)	Nonsevere (n = 49)	Severe (n = 16)	P value
APACHE II	4.8 ± 3.6	3.9 ± 2.9	7.4 ± 4.4	0.009
SOFA	1 (0-2)	0 (0-1)	3 (2-4)	< 0.001
PSI	49.5 ± 21.7	43.2 ± 18.5	68.7 ± 19.7	< 0.001
MuLBSTA	5 (5-8)	5 (4.5-7)	9 (5-11)	< 0.001

APACHEII: Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II; SOFA: Sequential organ failure assessment; PSI: Peumonia severity index.

Table 4 Treatments and outcomes of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019, n (%)

	Total (n = 65)	Nonsevere (n = 49)	Severe (n = 16)	P value
Antiviral therapy
Oseltamivir	12 (18.5)	8 (16.3)	4 (25)	0.685
Arbidol	40 (61.5)	32 (65.3)	8 (50)	0.275
Ribavirin	3 (4.6)	3 (6.1)	0	0.569
Lopinavir/Ritonavir	35 (53.8)	22 (44.9)	13 (81.3)	0.011
Interferon	21 (32.3)	16 (32.7)	5 (31.3)	0.917
Chloroquine	1 (1.5)	0	1 (6.3)	0.246
Antibiotic therapy	36 (55.4)	21 (42.9)	15 (93.8)	< 0.001
Antifungal therapy	1 (1.5)	0	1 (6.3)	0.246
Glucocorticoid therapy	12 (18.5)	2 (4.1)	10 (62.5)	< 0.001
Immunoglobulin	3 (4.6)	0	3 (18.8)	0.013
Thymosin	11 (16.9)	4 (8.2)	7 (43.8)	0.004
Traditional Chinese medicine	51 (78.5)	38 (77.6)	13 (81.3)	1
Oxygen support	20 (30.8)	4 (8.2)	16 (100)	< 0.001
Nasal cannulas	20 (30.8)	4 (8.2)	16 (100)	< 0.001
HFNC	6 (9.2)	0	6 (37.5)	< 0.001
NIV	1 (1.5)	0	1 (6.3)	0.246
IMV	1 (1.5)	0	1 (6.3)	0.246
ECMO	1 (1.5)	0	1 (6.3)	0.246
Prone position	6 (9.2)	0	6 (37.5)	< 0.001

COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019; HFNC: High-flow nasal cannula; NIV: Noninvasive ventilation; IMV: Invasive mechanical ventilation; ECMO: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.