Copyright
©The Author(s) 2021.
World J Clin Cases. Jan 6, 2021; 9(1): 8-23
Published online Jan 6, 2021. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i1.8
Published online Jan 6, 2021. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i1.8
Clinical types | Symptoms/clinical markers |
Asymptomatic | Individuals who test positive for SARS-CoV-2 by COVID-19 nucleic acid test. Without any clinical symptoms and signs, and chest imaging is normal. |
Mild | Presence of various signs and symptoms of COVID-19 (e.g., fever, fatigue, myalgia, cough, headache, sore throat, runny nose, sneezing), or digestive symptoms (nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea) without shortness of breath or abnormal chest imaging. |
Moderate | Presence of pneumonia (frequent fever, cough) with no obvious hypoxemia (SpO2 ≥ 94% on room air at sea level); chest CT with lesions. |
Severe | Patients with respiratory frequency > 30 breaths/minute; pneumonia with hypoxemia (SpO2 < 94%)on room air at sea level; a ratio of the arterial partial pressure of oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO2/FiO2) < 300 mmHg or lung infiltrates > 50%. |
Critical | Acute respiratory distress syndrome may have shock, encephalopathy, myocardial injury, heart failure, coagulation dysfunction, acute kidney injury, and/or multiple organ dysfunctions. |
Potential treatment agents | Mechanism of action |
Corticosteroid | Anti-inflammatory effect |
Remdesivirand ribavirin | Inhibition of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase |
Interferon therapy | Inhibition of viral entry, transcription, replication, translation, assembly |
Proteaseinhibitors (lopinavir/ritonavir) | Inhibition of papain-like protease and 3C-like protease |
Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine | Inhibition of endosomal acidification and negatively influences virus–receptor binding, as well as interfere with the glycosylation of cellular receptors of SARS-CoV |
Oseltamivir | Neuraminidase inhibitor |
Tocilizumab | A recombinant monoclonal antibody that competitively inhibits the binding of IL-6 to its receptor. |
Convalescent plasma | Neutralizing the SARS-CoV-2 antibodies |
Vaccines types | Candidate vaccine |
Whole virus vaccines | Adenovirus-vectored vaccine |
Live-attenuated vaccine | |
Nucleic acid vaccines | mRNA vaccine |
DNA vaccine | |
Subunit vaccines | Oral recombinant protein vaccine |
Coronavirus RBD protein-based vaccine | |
Protein-based vaccine | |
S-trimer recombinant protein |
- Citation: Krishnan A, Hamilton JP, Alqahtani SA, Woreta TA. COVID-19: An overview and a clinical update. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9(1): 8-23
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2307-8960/full/v9/i1/8.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v9.i1.8