Ligliptin for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus with early renal injury: Efficacy and impact on endogenous hydrogen sulfide and endothelial function

Table 1 Comparison of general information between the two groups

	Ligliptin treatment group (n = 54)	Gliquidone treatment group (n = 56)	P value
Gender: Male/female	30/24	33/23	0.721
Age (yr)	50.38 (7.82)	49.72 (9.10)	0.685
Duration of diabetes (yr)	7.80 (1.12)	8.04 (1.40)	0.324
BMI (kg/m2)	23.40 (3.11)	22.74 (2.87)	0.250

BMI: Body mass index.

Table 2 Comparison of blood glucose levels before and after treatment between the two groups

	Ligliptin treatment group	Gliquidone treatment group	P value
Number of cases	54	56
FBG (mmol/L)
Before treatment	8.90 (1.28)	8.78 (1.30)	0.627
After treatment	7.13 (1.05)a	7.15 (1.01)a	0.919
2hPG (mmol/L)
Before treatment	12.05 (1.43)	12.10 (1.51)	0.859
After treatment	8.15 (1.65)a	8.20 (1.70)a	0.876
HbA1c (%)
Before treatment	7.99 (1.40)	7.94 (1.31)	0.847
After treatment	7.00 (1.22)a	6.93 (1.18)a	0.760

^aP < 0.05 vs before treatment. FBG: Fasting blood glucose; 2hPG: 2 h blood glucose; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin.

Table 3 Comparison of renal function indexes between the two groups before and after treatment

	Ligliptin treatment group	Gliquidone treatment group	P value
Number of cases	54	56
UAER (μg/min)
Before treatment	110.21 (18.82)	107.82 (20.11)	0.522
After treatment	70.32 (11.21)a	88.42 (12.27)a	0.000
BUN (mmol/L)
Before treatment	6.10 (1.12)	6.05 (1.09)	0.813
After treatment	5.77 (1.04)a	5.79 (1.21)a	0.926
Cr (μmol/L)
Before treatment	110.38 (15.56)	108.82 (18.81)	0.637
After treatment	108.02 (12.38)	107.22 (11.87)	0.730
CysC (mg/L)
Before treatment	1.74 (0.30)	1.78 (0.33)	0.508
After treatment	1.65 (0.33)a	1.67 (0.35)a	0.759

^aP < 0.05 vs before treatment. UAER: Urinary albumin excretion rate; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; Cr: Creatinine; CysC: Cystatin C.

Table 4 Comparison of serum endogenous hydrogen sulfide and endothelial cell particles before and after treatment between the two groups

	Ligliptin treatment group	Gliquidone treatment group	P value
Number of cases	54	56
H2S (μmol/L)
Before treatment	73.39 (9.28)	75.58 (10.16)	0.241
After treatment	40.04 (8.82)a	56.12 (9.90)a	0.000
Endothelial cell granules
Before treatment	1459.28 (210.22)	1430.04 (201.78)	0.458
After treatment	133.40 (34.39)a	202.32 (50.43)a	0.000

^aP < 0.05 vs before treatment. H₂S: Hydrogen sulfide.

Table 5 Comparison of vascular endothelial function between the two groups before and after treatment

	Ligliptin treatment group	Gliquidone treatment group	P value
Number of cases	54	56
FMD (%)
Before treatment	6.33 (1.21)	6.40 (1.16)	0.757
After treatment	7.98 (1.22)a	7.10 (1.13)a	0.000
PAI-1 (ng/mL)
Before treatment	2.45 (0.43)	2.51 (0.40)	0.450
After treatment	2.03 (0.56)a	2.06 (0.61)a	0.789
NO (μmol/L)
Before treatment	154.42 (32.19)	150.03 (30.03)	0.461
After treatment	190.78 (30.32)a	168.20 (29.37)a	0.000

^aP < 0.05 vs before treatment. FMD: Endothelin-dependent diastolic function; PAI-1: Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; NO: Nitric oxide.