Rhombencephalitis caused by Listeria monocytogenes with hydrocephalus and intracranial hemorrhage: A case report and review of the literature

Table 1 Characteristics of four cases of neonatal listeriosis with hydrocephalus published between 1989 and 2018

Ref.	Gestation/gender	CT/sonography on admission	Time to diagnosis of hydrocephalus	Other complications	Intervention	Outcome
Svare et al[22], 1991	NB, 32 W/M	Not done	6 wk	Epilepsy, intraventricular hemorrhage	VPD	Moderately retarded with reduced muscular tone at 3 mo
Madlinger et al[25], 1998	NB, 34 W/F	Sonography, normal	9 wk	None	VAD, VDP	Recovery
Chan et al[26], 2007	NB, 31 W/M	Not done	10 d	Subtle seizure	VPD	Significant improvement
Laciar et al[27], 2011	NB, 37 W/F	Not done	3 d	None	EVD	NA

NB: Newborn; W: Weeks; M: Male; F: Female; EVD: External ventricular drain; VPD: Ventriculo-peritoneal drain; VAD: Ventriculo-atrial drain; NA: Not available.

Table 2 Characteristics of 18 cases of non-perinatal listeriosis with hydrocephalus published between 1989 and 2018

Ref.	Age/gender	Immune-competent	CT on admission	Time to diagnosis of hydrocephalus	Other complications	Intervention	Outcome
Ulloa-Gutierrez et al[6], 2004	10 Y/M	Yes	Not done	8 d	None	VPD	Recovery
Ulloa-Gutierrez et al[6], 2004	3½ Y/M	Yes	Normal	5 d	None	VPD	Died
Ulloa-Gutierrez et al[6], 2004	6½ Y/M	Yes	Not done	5 d	None	VPD	Died
Kasanmoentalib et al[12], 2010	57 Y/M	Yes	Not done	5 d	Tracheoesophageal fistula	EVD	Severe cognitive slowness
Ito et al[13], 2007	62 Y/M	No	Normal	14 d	Ventriculitis	EVD	Improvement, remained confused and disoriented
McCaffrey et al[20], 2012	57 Y/M	No	Yes, hydrocephalus	1 d	Ventriculitis	EVD	NA
Dhiwakar et al[21], 2007	40 Y/F	No	Not done	2 mo	Seizures, ventriculitis, basal arachnoiditis, cerebellar tonsillar herniation	VPD, VAD	Near-complete recovery
Chan et al[26], 2001	42 Y/M	Yes	Yes, hydrocephalus	4 d	Subdural collection, extensive; cerebritis and ventriculitis	EVD	Died
Lee et al[28], 2010	7 Y/F	Yes	Not done	10 d	None	EVD, VPD	Recovery
Platnaris et al[29], 2009	7 M/M	Yes	Normal	10 d	Seizures	EVD	Normal development having achieved skills according to his age at 22 mo of age
Papandreou et al[30], 2015	3 Y/F	Yes	Normal	8 d	Cerebellar tonsillar herniation, ventriculitis, and AIDP	EVD, VPD	Incomplete recovery
Gaini et al[31], 2015	74 Y/M	Yes	Normal	6 d	Brain abscess	EVD	Severe sequelae, died 1 yr later
Ruggieri et al[32], 2014	27 Y/F	Yes	Yes, hindbrain multifocal lesions	9 d	None	EVD	Only a motor deficit of the right arm remained
Cunha et al[33], 2004	50 Y/M	Yes	Yes, hydrocephalus	1 d	None	No	Died 10 d after admission
Frat et al[34], 2001	72 Y/F	Yes	Normal	12 d	Seizures	VPD	Recovery after 5 mo of rehabilitative care
Raps et al[35], 1989	47 Y/F	No	Not done	Several weeks	Cervical cord compression	EVD, VPD	No significant deficit 6 mo later
Yang et al[36], 2006	42 Y/M	No	Normal	9 d	Seizures	ORI	Recovery
Rana et al[37], 2014	75 Y/M	No	Not done	5 d	None	VPD	Gradual recovery

M: Male; Y: Years; M: Months; F: Female; EVD: External ventricular drain; VPD: Ventriculo-peritoneal drain; VAD: Ventriculo-atrial drain; ORI: Ommaya reservoir implantation; AIDP: Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy; NA: Not available.

Table 3 Cerebrospinal fluid analysis across disease duration

CSF test	On the 2nd d	On the 14th d	On the 28th d1
Color	Turbid	Turbid	Mildly turbid
Pressure(cm H2O)	> 33	12.5	NA
Erythrocyte count (/mm3)	0	13198	3313
WBC count (/mm3)	2090	782	85
WBC distribution (L/N)	70/30	3/97	17/68
Protein (mg/dL)	233.85	441	119
CSF glucose (mmol/L)	1.40	5.42	5.60
Plasma glucose (mmol/L)	9.00	11.05	10.0
Gram stain	Gram-positive rods	Normal	Normal

¹CSF from brain ventricular draining. WBC: White blood cell; CSF: Cerebrospinal fluid; L: Lymphocytes; N: Neutrophils; NA: No data available.