Expression of interleukin-32 in bone marrow of patients with myeloma and its prognostic significance

Table 1 Patient characteristics in multiple myeloma cohorts, n (%)

Characteristics	All (n = 67)	IL-32 ≥ 856.4 pg/mL (n = 38)	IL-32 < 856.4 pg/mL (n = 29)	P value
Gender				0.448
Male	39 (58.2)	23 (60.5)	16 (55.2)
Female	28 (41.8)	15 (39.5)	13 (44.8)
Age (yr), median (Range)	58 (40-77)	62 (54-77)	57 (40-75)	0.521
β2-MG (mg/L)				0.378
< 3.5	30 (44.8)	16 (42.1)	14 (48.3)
≥ 3.5	37 (55.2)	22 (57.9)	15 (51.7)
LDH (U/L)				0.174
< 245	55 (82.1)	30 (78.9)	25 (86.2)
≥ 245	12 (17.9)	8 (21.1)	4 (13.8)
CRP (mg/L)				0.900
< 8	28 (41.8)	16 (42.1)	12 (41.4)
≥ 8	39 (58.2)	22 (57.9)	17 (58.6)
Serum calcium (mmol/L)				0.524
< 2.75	59 (88.1)	33 (86.8)	26 (89.7)
≥ 2.75	8 (11.9)	5 (13.2)	3 (10.3)
Bone disease	42 (62.7)	25 (65.8)	17 (58.6)	0.294
ALB (g/L)				0.210
< 35	29 (43.3)	15 (39.5)	14 (48.3)
≥ 35	38 (56.7)	23 (60.5)	15 (51.7)
Creatinine (μmol/L)				0.528
< 176	50 (74.6)	29 (76.3)	21 (72.4)
≥ 176	17 (25.4)	9 (23.7)	8 (27.6)
Induction therapy				0.790
Bortezomib	54 (80.6)	32 (84.2)	24 (82.8)
Thalidomide	11 (16.4)	6 (15.8)	5 (17.2)
Stem cell transplantation	17 (25.4)	11 (28.9)	6 (20.7)	0.179
M protein type				0.926
Type IgG	31 (46.3)	18 (47.4)	13 (44.8)
Type IgA	13 (19.4)	6 (15.8)	7 (24.1)
Type IgD	5 (7.5)	3 (7.9)	2 (6.9)
Light-chain	16 (23.9)	10 (26.3)	6 (20.7)
Non-secretory	2 (3.0)	1 (2.6)	1 (3.4)
ISS				0.710
I	11 (16.4)	5 (13.2)	6 (20.7)
II	21 (31.3)	13 (34.3)	8 (27.6)
III	35 (52.2)	20 (52.6)	15 (51.7)
DS				0.797
I	7 (10.4)	3 (7.9)	4 (13.8)
II	13 (19.4)	8 (21.1)	5 (17.2)
III	47 (70.1)	27 (71.0)	20 (69.0)

β₂-MG: Blood β₂-microglobulin; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; CRP: C reactive protein; ALB: Albumin; ISS: International Staging System; DS: Durie-Salmon staging.

Table 2 Patient characteristics in multiple myeloma cohorts, n (%)

Characteristics	All patients (n = 67)	IL-32 ≥ 856.4 pg/mL (n = 38)	IL-32 < 856.4 pg/mL (n = 29)	P value
IL-32 (pg/mL), median (Range)	798.2 (232.1-4214)	1354.4 (856.4-4214)	426.7 (232.1-856.4)	< 0.001
MRD negative	23 (35.9)	9 (23.7)	14 (48.3)	< 0.001
MRD positive	44 (65.7)	29 (76.3)	15 (51.7)

IL-32: interleukin-32; MRD: Minimal residual disease.

Table 3 Univariate analysis of progression-free and overall survival

Variables		Overall survival			Progression-free survival
		HR	95%CI	P value	HR	95%CI	P value
Age (yr)	< 65/≥ 65	1.34	0.63-2.83	0.442	1.21	0.42-3.55	0.723
Sex	Male/Female	0.96	0.48-.94	0.917	0.99	0.55-1.79	0.989
IL-32 (pg/mL)	< 856.4/≥ 856.4	4.21	1.25-4.1	0.023	4.80	1.36-16.93	0.015
Creatinine (μmol/L)	< 176/≥ 176	2.11	0.50-8.88	0.308	1.1	0.08-14.67	0.941
ISS	I/II/III	1.71	1.02-2.87	0.042	1.74	1.09-2.79	0.021
DS	I/II/III	4.19	0.83-21.21	0.083	2.03	0.87-4.73	0.102
Bone disease	No/Yes	1.31	0.85-2.00	0.228	1.38	0.66-2.87	0.388
Stem cell transplantation	No/Yes	1.05	0.75-1.48	0.773	1.08	0.76-1.53	0.674
MRD	Negative/Positive	3.64	1.06-12.5	0.044	3.06	1.13-8.30	0.028

IL-32: Interleukin-32; ISS: International Staging System; DS: Durie-Salmon staging; MRD: Minimal residual disease; HR: Hazard ratio.

Table 4 Multivariate analysis of progression-free and overall survival

Variables		Overall survival			Progression-free survival
		HR	95%CI	P value	HR	95%CI	P value
IL-32 (pg/mL)	< 856.4/≥ 856.4	1.77	1.05-2.99	0.032	1.67	1.09-2.56	0.023
ISS	I/II/III	1.01	0.94-1.10	0.764	1.33	0.30-5.97	0.711
DS	I/II/III	1.5	0.58-3.91	0.407	1.02	0.99-1.06	0.242
MRD	Negative/Positive	3.64	1.06-12.5	0.044	1.68	1.20-2.35	0.003

IL-32: Interleukin-32; ISS: International Staging System; DS: Durie-Salmon staging; MRD: Minimal residual disease; HR: Hazard ratio.