Ureteral double J stent displaced into vena cava and management with laparoscopy: A case report and review of the literature

Table 1 Published literature on the management of double J stent displacement into the inferior vena cava

First author	Year of publication	No. of patients	Clinical manifestation	Management	Upper end of stent	Primary disease
Michalopoulos et al[4]	2002	1	Pulmonary thromboembolism	Percutaneous removal through right femoral vein	IVC	Renal stone operation
Garrido et al[5]	2008	1	Loin pain and fever	Removal through percutaneous nephrostomy	IVC	Gynecologic surgery
Ioannou et al[6]	2009	1	Microscopic hematuria	Open surgery through left retroperitoneal approach	IVC	Obstructive pyelonephritis
Falahatkar et al[3]	2012	1	Urinary incontinence	Percutaneous removal through left femoral vein	Right atrium	Hysterectomy
Sabnis et al[7]	2013	1	History of ureteroscopy	Exploration through Gibson’s incision	Right atrium	Ureteral stone operation
Hastaoglu et al[8]	2014	1	Hematuria	Open surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass	Right ventricle	Ureteral stone operation

IVC: Inferior vena cava.