Copyright
©The Author(s) 2017.
World J Clin Cases. Jun 16, 2017; 5(6): 212-221
Published online Jun 16, 2017. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v5.i6.212
Published online Jun 16, 2017. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v5.i6.212
Table 1 Vaccination uptake in Gulf Cooperation Council countries in published literature
| Ref. | Study year | Country | Population | Sample size | Age in years | Vaccine | Vaccine uptake % (n/n) |
| Abbas et al[39] | 2004-2005 | Saudi Arabia | Workers of two major industries: A food processing and a chemical plant | 2400 | (20-60) | Influenza | 62.4 (562/900) food processing industry and 55.6 (834/1500) chemical industry |
| Al-Tawfiq et al[38] | 2007 | Saudi Arabia | HCWs at Saudi Aramco Medical Services Organization | 244 | NR | Influenza | 51 in the preceding year and 71.5 in the last 5 years |
| Shahbic et al[18] | 2007 | Qatar | HCWs at Hamad Medical Corporation in Doha | 14292 | NR | Influenza | 19.4 (2773/14292) |
| Rehmani et al[20] | 2009 | Saudi Arabia | HCWs at King Abdul-Aziz National Guard Hospital | 512 | Mean 35.8 (22-64) | Influenza | 34.4 (176/512) |
| Abu-Gharbieh et al[64] | 2009 | United Arab Emirates, Kuwait and Oman | HCWs at hospitals, polyclinics and medical centres | 993 | (25-45) | Influenza | 42.5 (442/993) |
| Al-Khashan et al[35] | 2009 | Saudi Arabia | Military personnel of Central Military Region in Riyadh | 2230 | Mean 36.3 | Influenza and meningococcal | 17.8 (396/2230) and 51.7 (1153/2230) respectively |
| AlQuliti et al[65] | 2012 | Saudi Arabia | Emergency room HCWs at 4 hospitals in Al-Madinah | 321 | NR | Meningococcal | 84.7 (272/321) |
| Garcell et al[37] | 2011-2013 | Qatar | HCWs at the Cuban Hospital | 209 (2011-2012), and 325 (2012-2013) | NR | Influenza | 61.9 (129/209) in 2011-2012 and 71.1 (231/325) in 2012-2013 |
| Alshammari et al[21] | 2012-2013 | Saudi Arabia | HCWs at 6 major hospitals | 242 | NR | Influenza | 38.8 (94/242) |
| Alhammadi et al[66] | 2012-2013 | Qatar | HCWs at a tertiary teaching institution in Doha | 223 | NR | Influenza | 68.3 (152/223) |
| Alhammadi et al[22] | 2013 | Qatar | HCWs at a paediatric unit at Hamad Medical Corporation in Doha | 230 | NR | Influenza | 67.7 (151/230) |
| Fakhrawi et al[67] | 2015 | Bahrain | Sickle cell patients attending primary health care centres | 230 | NR | Pneumococcal | 62.2 (143/230) |
Table 2 Demographic characteristics of surveyed participants, and their vaccination uptake
| n (%) | Influenza vaccine n (%) | Pneumococcal vaccine n (%) | Pertussis vaccine n (%) | Meningococcal vaccine n (%) | |
| Overall | 300 (17) | 397 (22) | 296 (16) | 363 (20) | |
| Age (yr) | |||||
| 16-36 | 1578 (87) | 243 (15) | 342 (23) | 250 (16) | 330 (21) |
| 37-55 | 218 (12) | 50 (23) | 50 (23) | 46 (21) | 28 (13) |
| ≥ 56 | 18 (1) | 7 (39) | 5 (28) | 0 (0) | 5 (28) |
| Gender | |||||
| Male | 1485 (82) | 261 (18) | 336 (23) | 273 (18) | 299 (20) |
| Female | 327 (18) | 39 (12) | 61 (19) | 23 (7) | 64 (20) |
| Countries | |||||
| KSA | 1105 (61) | 163 (15) | 74 (7) | 82 (7) | 302 (18) |
| Kuwait | 253 (14) | 42 (17) | 201 (79) | 87 (34) | 19 (7) |
| UAE | 203 (11) | 45 (22) | 43 (21) | 35 (17) | 76 (37) |
| Bahrain | 98 (6) | 18 (18) | 0 (0) | 20 (20) | 49 (50) |
| Qatar | 93 (5) | 22 (24) | 69 (74) | 27 (29) | 14 (15) |
| Oman | 60 (3) | 10 (17) | 10 (17) | 45 (75) | 2 (3) |
| Education | |||||
| ≤ High school certificate | 803 (44) | 128 (16) | 193 (24) | 133 (17) | 172 (21) |
| > High school certificate | 1009 (56) | 172 (17) | 204 (20) | 163 (16) | 191 (19) |
| Employments statues | |||||
| No | 237 (13) | 23 (10) | 51 (22) | 26 (11) | 60 (25) |
| Yes | 1575 (87) | 277 (16) | 346 (22) | 270 (17) | 303 (19) |
| Government employee | 530 (34) | 80 (15) | 114 (22) | 96 (18) | 110 (21) |
| Student | 432 (27) | 45 (10) | 108 (25) | 114 (26) | 62 (14) |
| Private sector employee | 415 (26) | 104 (25) | 89 (21) | 44 (11) | 66 (16) |
| Business | 123 (8) | 32 (26) | 35 (29) | 15 (12) | 35 (29) |
| Home maker | 46 (3) | 12 (26) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (4) |
| Retired | 29 (2) | 4 (14) | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | 28 (97) |
| Smoking status | |||||
| No | 845 (47) | 95 (11) | 165 (20) | 105 (12) | 166 (20) |
| Yes/per day | 967 (53) | 205 (21) | 232 (24) | 191 (20) | 197 (20) |
| ≤ 10 cigarettes | 273 (28) | 55 (20) | 41 (15) | 50 (18) | 67 (25) |
| 11-20 cigarettes | 452 (47) | 106 (24) | 119 (26) | 87 (19) | 82 (18) |
| 21-30 cigarettes | 131 (14) | 21 (16) | 27 (21) | 19 (15) | 26 (20) |
| > 30 cigarettes | 111 (11) | 23 (21) | 45 (41) | 35 (32) | 22 (20) |
| Chronic diseases | |||||
| No | 1376 (76) | 208 (15) | 288 (21) | 163 (12) | 236 (17) |
| Yes1 | 436 (24) | 92 (21) | 109 (25) | 133 (31) | 127 (29) |
| Diabetes | 152 (35) | 32 (21) | 31 (20) | 42 (28) | 58 (38) |
| Bronchial asthma | 150 (34) | 29 (19) | 52 (35) | 45 (30) | 37 (25) |
| Hypertension | 54 (12) | 13 (24) | 4 (7) | 15 (28) | 22 (41) |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 34 (8) | 6 (18) | 9 (27) | 10 (29) | 12 (35) |
| Immunosuppressive | 37 (8) | 14 (38) | 13 (35) | 15 (41) | 14 (38) |
| Malignancy | 27 (6) | 9 (33) | 5 (16) | 10 (37) | 5 (19) |
| Other lung diseases | 23 (5) | 4 (17) | 12 (50) | 10 (44) | 8 (35) |
| Heart diseases | 22 (5) | 6 (27) | 7 (32) | 9 (41) | 10 (46) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 10 (2) | 2 (20) | 3 (30) | 7 (70) | 2 (20) |
| Other | 78 (18) | 14 (18) | 22 (28) | 28 (36) | 9 (12) |
Table 3 Motivators and barriers of taking influenza vaccine among the participants
| Motivators’ n (%)1 | Barriers’ n (%)1 |
| Doctor’s advice 68 (23) Perception of low body immunity 62 (21) Believing the vaccine to be effective in preventing influenza 61 (20) As a workplace requirement 40 (13) | Unawareness about the vaccine 573 (38) Relying on body immunity (healthy lifestyle) 500 (33) Perception of having good immunity 299 (20) Cost of the vaccine 292 (19) Not worried to get flu 168 (11) Fear of vaccine side effects 77 (5) Believing that the vaccine is not effective in preventing influenza 72 (5) |
Table 4 Significant predictors associated with vaccines uptake
| Predictors | Adjusted OR | 95%CI | P value |
| Influenza vaccine | |||
| Smoking (< 10 sig) | 1.95 | 1.35-2.83 | < 0.01 |
| Smoking (11-20 sig) | 2.23 | 1.63-3.05 | < 0.01 |
| Smoking (> 20 sig) | 1.75 | 1.04-2.96 | 0.04 |
| Other respiratory disease | 0.15 | 0.04-0.61 | < 0.01 |
| Cancer | 3.05 | 1.29-7.21 | 0.01 |
| Immune disease | 5.08 | 1.98-13.03 | < 0.01 |
| Pneumococcal vaccine | |||
| Male | 1.90 | 1.23-2.93 | < 0.01 |
| Bachelor degree | 0.64 | 0.45-0.90 | 0.01 |
| Postgraduate | 2.11 | 1.14-3.90 | 0.02 |
| Smoking (> 30 sig) | 4.60 | 2.64-7.99 | < 0.01 |
| KSA | 0.31 | 0.15-0.66 | < 0.01 |
| Qatar | 16.77 | 7.11-39.54 | < 0.01 |
| Kuwait | 20.4 | 9.34-44.52 | < 0.01 |
| Meningococcal vaccine | |||
| Postgraduate degree | 2.24 | 1.38-3.62 | < 0.01 |
| Diabetes | 2.67 | 1.80-3.95 | < 0.01 |
| Asthma | 1.78 | 1.17-2.70 | < 0.01 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 3.43 | 1.30-9.01 | < 0.01 |
| Age (16-36) | 0.45 | 0.29-0.70 | < 0.01 |
| Age (37-55) | 0.26 | 0.14-0.47 | < 0.01 |
| KSA | 3.15 | 1.96-5.08 | < 0.01 |
| UAE | 8.01 | 4.68-13.71 | < 0.01 |
| Bahrain | 12.09 | 6.52-22.43 | < 0.01 |
| Pertussis vaccine | |||
| Having chronic disease | 4.81 | 3.49-6.62 | < 0.01 |
| Male | 4.82 | 2.82-8.24 | < 0.01 |
| Smoking (11-20 sig) | 1.89 | 1.30-2.75 | < 0.01 |
| Smoking (> 30 sig) | 4.50 | 2.64-7.69 | < 0.01 |
| KSA | 0.01 | 0.01-0.02 | < 0.01 |
| Qatar | 0.05 | 0.02-0.12 | < 0.01 |
| UAE | 0.02 | 0.01-0.05 | < 0.01 |
| Bahrain | 0.03 | 0.01-0.07 | < 0.01 |
| Kuwait | 0.08 | 0.04-0.16 | < 0.01 |
- Citation: Alqahtani AS, Bondagji DM, Alshehari AA, Basyouni MH, Alhawassi TM, BinDhim NF, Rashid H. Vaccinations against respiratory infections in Arabian Gulf countries: Barriers and motivators. World J Clin Cases 2017; 5(6): 212-221
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2307-8960/full/v5/i6/212.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v5.i6.212