Correlation between hypertension and hyperglycemia among young adults in India

Table 1 Bio-social characteristics of study subjects

Determinant	Total	Male (n = 94)		Female (n = 91)		P value1
		n	%	n	%
Place of residence
Urban	119	56	47.1	63	53.9	0.17
Rural	66	38	57.6	28	42.4
Religion
Hindu	164	84	51.2	80	48.8	0.084
Muslim	15	6	40	9	60
Sikh	4	4	100	0	0
Christian	2	0	0	2	100
Type of family
Nuclear	100	36	36	64	64	< 0.0012
Joint	85	58	68.2	27	31.8
Physical activity
Sedentary	69	28	40.6	41	59.4	0.056
Moderate	92	50	54.3	42	45.7
Heavy	24	16	66.7	8	33.3
Smoking habit
Non-smoker	173	82	47.3	91	52.7	0.0012
Smoker	12	12	100	0	0
Alcohol intake
Non-alcoholic	183	92	50.3	91	49.7	0.162
Alcoholic	2	2	100	0	0
Eating habit
Vegetarian	110	52	47.3	58	52.7	0.0132
Mixed	75	42	56	33	44
Diabetic status
Normoglycemic	124	60	48.4	64	51.6	0.347
Pre-diabetic	61	34	55.7	27	44.3
Hypertensive status
Normotensive	165	86	52.1	79	47.9	0.306
Pre-hypertensive	20	8	40	12	60

¹Pearson’s χ² test;

²P value < 0.05 is significant.

Table 2 Co-prevalence of diabetes and hypertension

	Prediabetes		Normoglycemia		Total
	n	%	n	%
Pre-hypertension	5	25	15	75	20
Normotension	56	33.9	109	66.1	165

Table 3 Correlation between fasting plasma glucose and systolic and diastolic blood pressure among study subjects

Fasting plasma glucose	Pearson’s correlation coefficient	P value1
Systolic blood pressure	0.045	0.546
Diastolic blood pressure	0.301	< 0.0012

¹Pearson’s Correlation coefficient;

²P value < 0.05 is significant.

Table 4 Determinants of impaired fasting plasma glucose

Determinant	Normoglycemic (n = 124)		Impaired fasting glucose (n = 61)		P value1
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
BMI	20.6	4.2	21.8	3	0.0262
Waist circumference	76	9.3	76.7	20.1	0.794
SBP	121	12	122	8	0.238
DBP	79	6	82	5	0.0032
S.Cholesterol	155.9	31.6	174.2	34.5	0.0012
S.Triglycerides	128.1	55.9	154.7	55.6	0.0022
S.HDL	39.3	8.6	41.4	7.3	0.095
S.LDL	92.7	23.6	104.1	22.7	0.0022
S.VLDL	25.6	11.2	32.8	12.3	< 0.0012

¹Student’s t-test;

²P value < 0.05 is significant. BMI: Body mass index; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; HDL: High density lipoprotein; LDL: Low density lipoprotein; VLDL: Very low density lipoprotein.

Table 5 Multiple linear regression analysis of determinants of fasting plasma glucose

Determinant	Unstandardized coefficients		Standardizedβ	P value1
	β	SE
(Constant)	24.067	17.964		0.182
Smoking	3.075	8.899	0.023	0.730
BMI	0.530	0.263	0.149	0.0462
Waist circumference	0.049	0.070	0.050	0.483
SBP	0.121	0.113	0.094	0.285
DBP	0.844	0.200	0.375	< 0.0012
Cholesterol	0.092	0.126	0.224	0.467
Triglycerides	0.008	0.038	0.033	0.830
HDL	0.060	0.154	0.036	0.696
LDL	0.279	0.141	0.483	0.0402
VLDL	0.151	0.146	0.132	0.301

¹Multiple linear regression analysis. R² = 48.5%, adjusted R² = 23.5%;

²P value < 0.05 is significant. BMI: Body mass index; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; HDL: High density lipoprotein; LDL: Low density lipoprotein; VLDL: Very low density lipoprotein.

Table 6 Multiple linear regression analysis of determinants of systolic blood pressure

Determinant	Unstandardized coefficients		Standardizedβ	P value
	β	SE
(Constant)	65.983	10.961		< 0.001
Smoking	1.276	5.939	0.012	0.830
BMI	0.241	0.177	0.087	0.174
Waist circumference	0.057	0.047	0.074	0.225
DBP	0.997	0.118	0.571	< 0.0012
Cholesterol	0.018	0.084	0.056	0.831
Triglycerides	0.009	0.025	0.048	0.715
HDL	-0.135	0.103	-0.104	0.188
LDL	0.085	0.095	0.189	0.0252
VLDL	0.218	0.096	0.245	0.053
FPG	0.054	0.050	0.069	0.285

¹Multiple linear regression analysis. R² = 66.1%, adjusted R² = 47.3%;

²P value < 0.05 is significant. BMI: Body mass index; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; HDL: High density lipoprotein; LDL: Low density lipoprotein; VLDL: Very low density lipoprotein; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose.

Table 7 Multiple linear regression analysis of determinants of diastolic blood pressure

Determinant	Unstandardized coefficients		Standardizedβ	P value1
	β	SE
(Constant)	21.387	6.314		0.001
Smoking	0.682	3.214	0.012	0.832
BMI	0.347	0.093	0.219	< 0.0012
Waist circumference	0.013	0.025	0.030	0.602
Cholesterol	0.053	0.045	0.288	0.249
Triglycerides	0.014	0.014	0.125	0.311
HDL	-0.090	0.055	-0.121	0.105
LDL	0.064	0.051	0.250	0.212
VLDL	0.062	0.053	0.121	0.242
FPG	0.110	0.026	0.247	< 0.0012
SBP	0.292	0.035	0.510	< 0.0012

¹Multiple linear regression analysis. R² = 70.4%, adjusted R² = 49.6%;

²P value < 0.05 is significant. BMI: Body mass index; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; HDL: High density lipoprotein; LDL: Low density lipoprotein; VLDL: Very low density lipoprotein; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose.