Role of ethnicity in social anxiety disorder: A cross-sectional survey among health science students

Table 1 Means and standard deviations of the Ethnicity-Social Phobia Inventory (with questions of same and different ethnicity interactions), Social Anxiety Spectrum Self-Report (with subscale groups high, middle and low), Drug Use Disorders Identification Test, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification test test and Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale scores of respondents

	Mean	SD
E-SPIN	22.03	12.23
Interaction same ethnicity	20.36	11.31
Interaction different ethnicity	22.23	12.84
DUDIT	1.02	2.36
AUDIT	3.31	4.42
CES-D	17.12	12.89
SHY-SR cut-off	51.77	32.12
High > 67	87.79	22.15
Middle 59-67	66.00	1.73
Low < 59	31.48	15.01
SHY-SR sub-scale raw scores
IPS	14.00	6.49
BI	5.58	4.12
SP	31.51	22.96
Transformed SHY-SR sub-scale scores (1-100 scale)
IPS	48.3	22.4
BI	34.9	25.8
SP	31.6	23.4

N’s vary from 89 to 112 due to missing data. The diagnostic cut-off score for the SHY-SR is 68, the cut-off score of 59 identifies subjects who score high on the social anxiety spectrum but do not meet the diagnostic criteria for the social anxiety disorder (SAD). SHY-SR: Sub-scale domains includes; IPS: Interpersonal sensitivity; BI: Behavioral inhibition; SP: Specific phobia. E-SPIN: Ethnicity-Social Phobia Inventory; DUDIT: Drug Use Disorders Identification Test; AUDIT: Alcohol Use Disorders Identification test; CES-D: Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; SHY-SR: Social Anxiety Spectrum Self-Report.

Table 2 Social anxiety (Ethnicity-Social Phobia Inventory scores): Socio-demographic variables and associated psychopathology in students with and without social anxiety disorder

Socio-demographic status:	E-SPIN (same ethnicity)			E-SPIN (different ethnicity)
	No-SAD n (%)	SAD n (%)	χ2(P)	No-SAD n (%)	SAD n (%)	χ2(P)
Gender
Male	22 (61.1)	14 (38.9)	4.60a	20 (55.6)	16 (44.4)	5.22a
Female	30 (39.5)	46 (60.5)		25 (32.9)	51 (67.1)
Ethnicity
Black	3 (17.6)	14 (82.4)	8.53a	3 (17.6)	14 (82.4)	6.02 (0.11)
White	31 (56.4)	24 (43.6)		27 (49.1)	28 (50.9)
Indian/Asian	8 (47.1)	9 (52.9)		7 (41.2)	10 (57.8)
Colored	7 (36.8)	12 (63.2)		6 (31.6)	13 (68.4)
SES
Low	1 (50.0)	1 (50.0)	3.84 (0.15)	1 (50.0)	1 (50.0)	5.19 (0.08)
Medium	19 (36.5)	33 (63.5)		15 (28.8)	37 (71.2)
High	32 (55.2)	26 (44.8)		29 (50.0)	29 (50.0)
Clinical measures:
DUDIT
No drug related problems	31 (41.3)	44 (58.7)	1.76 (0.18)	30 (40.0)	45 (60.0)	0.23 (0.63)
Drug related problems	9 (60.0)	6 (40.0)		5 (33.3)	10 (66.7)
AUDIT
No alcohol related problems	32 (42.7)	43 (57.3)	0.26 (0.61)	29 (38.7)	46 (61.3)	0.09 (0.77)
Alcohol related problems	7 (50.0)	7 (50.0)		6 (42.9)	8 (57.1)
CES-D
No depression	28 (59.6)	19 (40.4)	10.04b	24 (51.1)	23 (48.9)	5.75a
Depression	11 (26.2)	31 (73.8)		11 (26.2)	31 (73.8)

^aP < 0.05, 60.5% females (n = 46) vs 38.9% males (n = 14); different ethnicity 67.1 % females (n = 51) vs 44.4% males; and anxiety in ethnic group and SAD in the context of same-ethnic interactions-Black students vs others of their own ethnicity;

^bP < 0.01, students with SAD met criteria for depression (73.8%) vs students without the disorder (26.2%); same ethnicity 73.8.% vs 26.2%; and different ethnicity 73.8% vs 26.2%. SES Categories Low: 6-19; Medium: 20-33; High: 34-44; E-SPIN: Ethnicity-Social Phobia Inventory; DUDIT: Drug Use Disorders Identification Test; AUDIT: Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test; CES-D: Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; SES: Social economic status; SHY-SR: Social Anxiety Spectrum Self-Report Scale.