Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography-related perforation: Management and prevention

Table 1 Previous classifications of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography-related perforations

	According to Stapfer et al[12]	According to Howard et al[13]
Type I	Lateral or medial wall perforation	Duodenal perforation remote from the papilla
Type II	Perivaterian injury	Periampullary retroperitoneal perforation
Type III	Distal bile duct injury related to wire/basket instrumentation	Guidewire perforation
Type IV	Retroperitoneal air alone	None

Table 2 Factors associated with increased risk of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography perforation (from Enns et al[24])

Factors	Results of multivariate analysis [OR (95%CI)]
Dilated common bile duct	2.32 (1.02-5.03)
Sphincter of oddi dysfunction	3.20 (1.64-8.94)
Longer duration of procedure	1.02 (1.00-1.04)
Biliary stricture dilatation	7.29 (1.84-28.11)
Performance of sphincterotomy	6.94 (2.43-19.77)