Perioperative and long-term results of ultrasonography-guided single- and multiple-tract percutaneous nephrolithotomy for staghorn calculi

Table 1 Preoperative characteristics of study participants, n (%)

Parameters	S-PCNL (n = 186)	M-PCNL (n = 159)	P value
Age (yr, mean ± SD)	48.91 ± 11.40	49.88 ± 10.75	0.419
Male	77 (41.39)	69 (43.39)	0.708
BMI (kg/m2, mean ± SD)	24.47 ± 2.94	25.79 ± 2.73	< 0.001
Position of renal calculus
Upper calyx	62 (33.33)	58 (36.47)	0.67
Middle calyx	59 (31.72)	53 (33.33)
Inferior calyx	64 (34.40)	48 (30.18)
Bacteriuria	59 (31.89)	84 (52.83)	< 0.001
Hydronephrosis
G 0-I	11 (5.94)	16 (10.06)	0.15
G II-III	2 (1.08)	4 (2.51)	0.30
Side of renal calculus (Left)	82 (44.32)	64 (40.25)	0.47
Stone size (cm2, mean ± SD)	6.27 ± 2.57	8.80 ± 2.09	< 0.001

S-PNCL: Standard percutaneous nephrolithotomy; M-PNCL: Multi-tract percutaneous nephrolithotomy; BMI: Body mass index.

Table 2 Primary and secondary outcomes, n (%)

Parameters	S-PCNL (n = 186)	M-PCNL (n = 159)	P value
The stone free rate (SFR)
1 month (yes)	186 (100)	159 (100)	-
3 months (yes)	164 (88.17)	138 (86.79)	0.699
6 months (yes)	126 (67.74)	124 (77.98)	0.033
Complication
Pelvicalyceal system perforation or persistent leakage of urine	10 (5.37)	13 (8.17)	0.242
Transfusion needed because of bleeding	7 (3.76)	11 (6.91)	0.189
Hydrothorax	4 (2.15)	11 (6.91)	0.030
Urosepsis	4 (2.15)	5 (3.14)	0.563
Fever	26 (14.05)	29 (18.23)	0.281
Renal hemorrhage	5 (2.70)	4 (3.77)	0.920
Urinary damage	8 (4.32)	7 (6.28)	0.963
Postoperative infection	3 (1.62)	11 (3.77)	0.012

S-PNCL: Standard percutaneous nephrolithotomy; M-PNCL: Multi-tract percutaneous nephrolithotomy.

Table 3 Perioperative parameters comparison between ultrasound-guided and RAF-guided renal aces (mean ± SD)

	S-PCNL (n = 186)	M-PCNL (n = 159)	P value
Operative time (min)	125.26 ± 46.45	153.26 ± 31.26	< 0.001
Hospital stay (d)	4.06 ± 1.85	5.94 ± 2.05	< 0.001
Pain intensity at 24 h after surgery	2.16 ± 1.26	3.67 ± 1.64	< 0.001
Bleeding volume (mL)	26.43 ± 3.85	52.49 ± 4.68	< 0.001

S-PNCL: Standard percutaneous nephrolithotomy; M-PNCL: Multi-tract percutaneous nephrolithotomy.

Table 4 Comparison of effect of percutaneous nephrolithotomy on renal function (mean ± SD)

Parameters	S-PCNL (n = 186)	M-PCNL (n = 159)	P value
Hb (× 102 g/L)
Pre-operation	1.41 ± 0.25	1.41 ± 0.18	0.83
Post-operation	1.23 ± 0.12	1.09 ± 0.17	< 0.001
Cre (μmol/L)
Pre-operation	83.18 ± 6.92	86.20 ± 5.60	< 0.001
Post-operation	81.46 ± 7.29	82.49 ± 6.78	0.176
WBC (× 109/L)
Pre-operation	6.60 ± 2.32	5.76 ± 2.11	0.069
Post-operation	7.52 ± 2.55	7.24 ± 2.54	0.306

S-PNCL: Standard percutaneous nephrolithotomy; M-PNCL: Multi-tract percutaneous nephrolithotomy; WBC: White blood cells.