Association of preschool children behavior and emotional problems with the parenting behavior of both parents

Table 1 Distribution of behavioral and emotional problems detection rates in preschoolers with different demographic characteristics, n (%)

Feature	n	Emotional problem	Conduct problem	Hyperactivity	Peer interaction	Total score of difficulty	Pro-social behavior question
Age
3	642	45 (7.0)	59 (9.2)	114 (17.8)	185 (28.8)	76 (11.8)	88 (13.7)
4	734	57 (7.8)	60 (8.2)	134 (18.3)	174 (23.7)	76 (10.4)	77 (10.5)
5	757	55 (7.3)	48 (6.3)	129 (17.0)	147 (19.4)	69 (9.1)	63 (8.3)
6	120	10 (8.3)	11 (9.2)	19 (15.8)	22 (18.3)b	11 (9.2)	7 (5.8)a
Sex
Male	1200	90 (7.5)	113 (9.4)	251 (20.9)	322 (26.8)	144 (12.0)	141 (11.8)
Female	1053	77 (7.3)	65 (6.2)a	145 (13.8)b	206 (19.6)b	88 (8.4)a	94 (8.9)a
Domicile
City proper	1903	126 (6.6)	133 (7.0)	333 (17.5)	423 (22.2)	178 (9.4)	187 (9.8)
Non-urban	350	41 (11.7)b	45 (12.9)b	63 (18.0)	105 (30.0)a	54 (15.4)b	48 (13.7)a
Family economic status
Range	136	15 (11.0)	15 (11.0)	32 (23.5)	40 (29.4)	29 (21.3)	20 (14.7)
Same as	1870	135 (7.2)	147 (7.9)	333 (17.8)	431 (23.0)	183 (9.8)	188 (10.1)
Preferably	247	17 (6.9)	16 (6.5)	31 (12.6)a	57 (23.1)	20 (8.1)b	27 (10.9)
Single-child
Yes	1707	126 (7.4)	133 (7.8)	309 (18.1)	400 (23.4)	180 (10.5)	175 (10.3)
No	546	41 (7.5)	45 (8.2)	87 (15.9)	128 (23.4)	52 (9.5)	60 (11.0)
Father's education level
Junior high school and below	267	30 (11.2)	31 (11.6)	48 (18.0)	82 (30.7)	40 (15.0)	34 (12.7)
High school/technical secondary school	911	71 (7.8)	74 (8.1)	182 (20.0)	227 (24.9)	107 (11.7)	94 (10.3)
College degree or above	1075	66 (6.1)a	73 (6.8)a	166 (15.4)a	219 (20.4)b	85 (7.9)a	107 (10.0)
Father age
≤ 24	355	59 (8.0)	68 (9.2)	152 (20.5)	170 (23.0)	89 (12.0)	77 (10.4)
25-29	977	67 (8.3)	61 (7.6)	146 (18.2)	184 (22.9)	90 (11.2)	89 (11.1)
≥ 30	911	41 (5.8)	49 (6.9)	98 (13.8)a	174 (24.5)	53 (7.5)a	69 (9.7)
Maternal education level
Junior high school and below	349	33 (9.5)	46 (13.2)	68 (19.5)	99 (28.4)	49 (14.0)	45 (12.9)
High school/technical secondary school	884	75 (8.5)	68 (7.7)	180 (20.4)	232 (26.2)	106 (12.0)	91 (10.3)
College degree or above	1020	59 (5.8)a	64 (6.3)b	148 (14.5)	197 (19.3)b	77 (7.5)b	99 (9.7)
Maternal age
≤ 24	631	60 (9.5)	66 (10.5)	142 (22.5)	151 (23.9)	79 (12.5)	63 (10.0)
25-29	1099	64 (6.8)	66 (7.0)	159 (17.0)	214 (22.8)	100 (10.7)	104 (11.1)
≥ 30	523	43 (6.3)	46 (6.7)a	95 (13.9)b	163 (23.8)	53 (7.7)a	68 (9.9)

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

Table 2 Logistic regression analysis of the relationship between parenting behavior and behavior and mood problems in preschoolers, OR (95%CI)

Parenting behavior dimension	Emotional symptoms	Conduct problem	Hyperactivity	Peer interaction	Total score of difficulty	Pro-social behavior question
Father with support/participation
Low level	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Medium level	0.89 (0.62, 1.29)	0.77 (0.54, 1.09)	0.94 (0.72, 1.22)	0.59 (0.46, 0.75)b	0.64 (0.47, 0.88)a	0.50 (0.37, 0.68)b
High tone	0.64 (0.40, 1.01)	0.35 (0.21, 0.57)b	0.68 (0.49, 0.93)a	0.61 (0.47, 0.81)b	0.42 (0.28, 0.64)b	0.26 (0.17, 0.40)b
Mother with the support/participation
Low level	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Medium level	0.72 (0.50, 1.04)	0.54 (0.38, 0.77)b	0.92 (0.71, 1.19)	0.60 (0.48, 0.76)b	0.60 (0.44, 0.82)a	0.44 (0.33, 0.60)b
High tone	0.63 (0.40, 0.99)a	0.33 (0.20, 0.54)b	0.53 (0.38, 0.74)b	0.53 (0.40, 0.70)b	0.41 (0.27, 0.63)b	0.24 (0.15, 0.37)b
Father is hostile/coercive
low level	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Medium level	0.97 (0.64, 1.49)	1.66 (1.04, 2.65)a	1.48 (1.10, 2.00)a	1.25 (0.97, 1.62)	1.63 (1.08, 2.46)a	1.18 (0.84, 1.66)
High tone	2.00 (1.30, 3.08)a	3.27 (2.03, 5.25)b	2.29 (1.66, 3.15)b	1.92 (1.45, 2.54)b	3.25 (2.14, 4.94)b	1.12 (0.76, 1.65)
Mother is hostile/coercive
Low level	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Medium level	1.31 (0.85, 2.01)	2.03 (1.27, 3.22)a	1.63 (1.20, 2.20)a	1.38 (1.07, 1.78)a	6.01 (1.08, 2.38)a	1.28 (0.91, 1.79)
High tone	2.08 (1.36, 3.19)a	3.24 (2.04, 5.15)b	2.87 (2.11, 3.89)b	1.90 (1.46, 2.48)b	2.99 (2.03, 4.42)b	1.28 (0.89, 1.85)

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

The child's age, gender, residence, family economic status, parental education level, and age were adjusted.

Table 3 Comparison of the associations between parenting behavior and behavioral and emotional problems in preschool children, OR (95%CI)

Parenting behavior dimension	Emotional symptoms	Conduct problem	Hyperactivity	Peer interaction	Total score of difficulty	Pro-social behavior question
Father with a high-level of support/participation	0.64 (0.40, 1.01)	0.35 (0.21, 0.57)	0.68 (0.49, 0.93)	0.61 (0.47, 0.81)	0.42 (0.28, 0.64)	0.26 (0.17, 0.40)
High-level level of maternal support/participation	0.63 (0.40, 0.99)	0.33 (0.20, 0.54)	0.53 (0.38, 0.74)	0.53 (0.40, 0.70)	0.41 (0.27, 0.63)	0.24 (0.15, 0.37)
ROR	1.02 (0.53, 1.94)	1.06 (0.52, 2.14)	1.28 (0.81, 2.04)	1.15 (0.78, 1.70)	1.02 (0.57, 1.85)	1.08 (0.58, 2.02)
P value	0.962	0.870	0.291	0.480	0.936	0.801
Father with a high level of hostility/coercion	2.00 (1.30, 3.08)	3.27 (2.03, 5.25)	2.29 (1.66, 3.15)	1.92 (1.45, 2.54)	3.25 (2.14, 4.94)	1.12 (0.76, 1.65)
Mother with a high level of hostility/coercion	2.08 (1.36, 3.19)	3.24 (2.04, 5.15)	2.87 (2.11, 3.89)	1.90 (1.46, 2.48)	2.99 (2.03, 4.42)	1.28 (0.89, 1.85)
ROR	0.96 (0.52, 1.76)	1.01 (0.52, 1.96)	0.80 (0.51, 1.24)	1.01 (0.69, 1.49)	1.09 (0.61, 1.92)	0.88 (0.51, 1.49)
P value	0.899	0.978	0.318	0.958	0.775	0.623

ROR: Ratio of odds ratio.