Oral candidiasis and potential risk factors among disabled and non-disabled in Al-Baha region, Saudi Arabia

Table 1 Characteristics of the study’s participants, n = 148

Variable	All	Disabled	Non-disabled
Disability status
Disabled	73 (49)	73 (49)	0 (0)
Non-disabled	75 (51)	0 (0)	75 (51)
Sex
Male	93 (63)	41 (44)	52 (56)
Female	55 (37)	32 (58)	23 (42)
Age in years
25 to 39	99 (67)	47 (47)	52 (53)
40 to 49	36 (24)	18 (50)	18 (50)
50 to 62	13 (9)	8 (62)	5 (38)
Level of education
High school or less	29 (20)	17 (59)	12 (41)
Bachelor’s degree	97 (66)	54 (56)	43 (44)
Master’s degree	18 (12)	2 (11)	16 (89)
PhD degree	4 (2)	0 (0)	4 (2)
Smoking
Yes	44 (29)	11 (25)	33 (75)
No	104 (71)	62 (60)	42 (40)
Diabetes mellitus
Yes	21 (14)	9 (43)	12 (57)
No	127 (86)	64 (51)	63 (49)
Hypertension
Yes	12 (8)	3 (25)	9 (75)
No	136 (92)	70 (52)	66 (48)
Antibiotics/antifungals intake
Yes	4 (2)	2 (50)	2 (50)
No	144 (98)	71 (49)	73 (51)
Radiation therapy
Yes	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
No	148 (100)	73 (49)	75 (51)
OC
Yes	57 (38)	26 (45)	31 (55)
No	91 (62)	47 (52)	44 (48)
Salivary gland hypofunction
Yes	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
No	148 (100)	73 (49)	75 (51)

Data are n (%).

Table 2 Candida’s density and potential risk factors, n = 57

Variable		n (%)	Colony forming units per milliliter, mean ± SD	P value
Disability status	Disabled	31 (54)	699 ± 2228	0.330
	Non-disabled	26 (46)	393 ± 1368
Sex	Male	40 (69)	611 ± 2099	0.290
	Female	17 (31)	431 ± 924
Age in years	25 to 39	34 (60)	1493 ± 3356	0.220
	40 to 49	14 (24)	841 ± 1378
	50 to 62	9 (16)	454 ± 596
Level of education	High school or less	21 (37)	1197 ± 3059	0.190
	Bachelor’s degree	23 (40)	304 ± 446
	Master’s degree	9 (16)	424 ± 311
	PhD degree	4 (7)	394 ± 931
Smoking	Yes	16 (28)	4146 ± 5278	0.001a
	No	41 (72)	342 ± 701
Diabetes mellitus	Yes	8 (14)	4581 ± 5541	0.001a
	No	49 (86)	382 ± 733
Hypertension	Yes	4 (7)	1413 ± 2464	0.180
	No	53 (93)	477 ± 1837
Antibiotics/antifungals intake	Yes	2 (4)	195 ± 299	0.210
	No	55 (96)	678 ± 2084

^aP < 0.05.

Table 3 Candida’s density and participants’ oral health status (n = 57)

Variable and subcategory		n (%)	Colony forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL) mean ± SD	P value
DMFT index	No decay	4 (7)	302 ± 409	0.34
	DT	24 (42)	611 ± 1298
	MT	16 (28)	1596 ± 4028
	FT	13 (23)	349 ± 503
Gingival index	No inflammation	18 (32)	411 ± 169	0.01a
	Mild inflammation	23 (40)	504 ± 351
	Moderate inflammation	9 (16)	439 ± 137
	Severe inflammation	7 (12)	5266 ± 2639	0.01a
Plaque index	Very good	20 (35)	362 ± 122
	Good	27 (47)	553 ± 402
	Poor	6 (11)	487 ± 186
	Very poor	4 (7)	5814 ± 3074
Daily teeth brushing	More than twice	10 (18)	426 ± 986	0.53
	Twice	11 (19)	122 ± 156
	Once	14 (24)	599 ± 997
	Irregular	22 (39)	796 ± 2476
Visiting dentist regularly	Every 6 months	42 (74)	713 ± 2252	0.27
	Irregular intermittent	15 (26)	358 ± 843

^aP < 0.05. DT: Decayed teeth; FT: Filled teeth due to caries; MT: Missed teeth due to caries.