Effectiveness of the A3 robot on lower extremity motor function in stroke patients: A prospective, randomized controlled trial

Table 1 Baseline data of patients

Parameter		A3 group	Control group	P value
Sex	Male	22	22	0.787
	Female	6	5
Age in yr		52.14 ± 15.352	58.48 ± 17.194	0.155
Height in cm		163.21 ± 4.756	165.52 ± 7.361	0.177
Weight in kg		63.21 ± 7.733	67.48 ± 9.928	0.080
Type of stroke	Infarction	17	17	0.864
	Hemorrhage	11	10
Paretic side	Right	12	14	0.504
	Left	16	13
Hypertension	Yes	20	21	0.589
	No	8	6
Diabetes	Yes	5	6	0.686
	No	23	21
Mean time since stroke in d		49.71 ± 36.054	43.63 ± 42.164	0.567
MMSE		27.50 ± 4.308	27.19 ± 2.354	0.739
BADL		67.14 ± 15.836	71.67 ± 10.561	0.220
Brunnstrom stage		3.68 ± 0.863	3.89 ± 0.801	0.353
SSQOL		156.36 ± 23.429	154.67 ± 17.236	0.762
FM balance meter		8.54 ± 0.999	8.52 ± 0.700	0.942
FMA of lower limbs		20.07 ± 5.643	21.22 ± 5.820	0.460
RMI		8.75 ± 1.936	8.44 ± 1.281	0.495
HWAS		2.86 ± 0.756	2.81 ± 0.736	0.834
TUG in s		32.404 ± 14.726	29.643 ± 12.348	0.455
Stride frequency as step/min		76.018 ± 19.978	86.093 ± 17.100	0.050
Stride speed in cm/s		45.643 ± 19.187	53.389 ± 23.009	0.180
Stride length in cm		70.054 ± 18.921	72.426 ± 24.722	0.690
Lng		1360.61 ± 774.611	1463.70 ± 1061.382	0.682
Area		1889.64 ± 1334.954	2165.63 ± 1474.666	0.470
TL index		0.901 ± 0.361	0.941 ± 0883	0.828

Data are mean ± standard deviation. Area: Gravity center moving track area; BADL: Basic activities of daily living; FMA: Fugl-Meyer-Assessment scores; HWAS: Holden Walking Ability Scale; Lng: Gravity center moving track length; MMSE: Mini-mental state examination; RMI: Rivermead Mobility Index; SSQOL: Stroke-Specific Quality of Life Scale; TL index: Track length per unit area; TUG: Time Up and Go test.

Table 2 Comparison of two groups before and after intervention

Outcome	A3 group		Control group
	Baseline	2 wk	Baseline	2 wk
BADL	67.14 ± 15.836	86.43 ± 10.874a	71.67 ± 10.561	75.19 ± 9.556a
SSQOL	156.36 ± 23.429	178.93 ± 23.650a	154.67 ± 17.236	158.74 ± 17.295a
FM balance meter	8.54 ± 0.999	9.75 ± 1.456a	8.52 ± 0.700	8.70 ± 0.542a
FMA (lower limbs)	20.07 ± 5.643	23.57 ± 5.473a	21.22 ± 5.820	22.19 ± 6.032a
RMI	8.75 ± 1.936	10.82 ± 1.679a	8.44 ± 1.281	8.85 ± 1.460a
HWAS	2.86 ± 0.756	3.75 ± 0.585a	2.81 ± 0.736	2.93 ± 0.675b
TUG(s)	32.404 ± 14.726	20.029 ± 7.228a	29.643 ± 12.348	26.842 ± 9.600a
Stride frequency as step/min	76.018 ± 19.978	94.857 ± 17.678a	86.093 ± 17.100	89.889 ± 13.480b
Stride speed in cm/s	45.643 ± 19.187	90.768 ± 77.937a	53.389 ± 23.009	61.796 ± 21.825a
Stride length in cm	70.054 ± 18.921	99.500 ± 26.606a	72.426 ± 24.722	81.111 ± 22.263a
Lng	1360.61 ± 774.611	925.36 ± 408.597a	1463.70 ± 1061.382	1397.04 ± 948.131b
Area	1889.64 ± 1334.954	980.96 ± 728.462a	2165.63 ± 1474.666	1755.59 ± 987.181b
TL index	0.901 ± 0.361	1.352 ± 0.665a	0.941 ± 0883	0.952 ± 0.499b

Data shown are mean ± SD, P values are from t-test and chi-square test.

^aP < 0.05, comparison of the same group before and after the intervention.

^bP > 0.05, comparison of the same group before and after the intervention.

Area: Gravity center moving track area; BADL: Basic activities of daily living; FMA: Fugl-Meyer-Assessment scores; HWAS: Holden Walking Ability Scale; Lng: Gravity center moving track length; RMI: Rivermead Mobility Index; SSQOL: Stroke-Specific Quality of Life Scale; TL index: Track length per unit area; TUG: Time Up and Go test.

Table 3 Comparison of the amount of change in clinical outcomes

Change	A3 group	Control group	P value
BADL	19.286 ± 12.150	3.518 ± 4.344	< 0.01
SSQOL	22.571 ± 7.988	4.074 ± 2.510	< 0.01
FM balance meter	1.214 ± 0.832	0.185 ± 0.396	< 0.01
FMA	3.500 ± 3.805	0.963 ± 2.084	< 0.01
RMI	2.071 ± 1.215	0.407 ± 0.572	< 0.01
HWAS	0.893 ± 0.629	0.111 ± 0.320	< 0.01
TUG	12.376 ± 8.997	2.801 ± 3.430	< 0.01
Stride frequency	18.839 ± 11.236	3.796 ± 10.829	< 0.01
Stride speed	45.125 ± 69.409	8.407 ± 10.202	0.009
Stride length	29.446 ± 16.624	8.685 ± 10.736	< 0.01
Lng	435.250 ± 570.537	66.666 ± 517.694	0.015
Area	908.678 ± 972.848	410.037 ± 1186.491	0.094
TL index	0.451 ± 0.543	0.012 ± 0.732	0.014

Data shown are mean ± SD, P values are from t-test. Area: Gravity center moving track area; BADL: Basic activities of daily living; FMA: Fugl-Meyer-Assessment scores; HWAS: Holden Walking Ability Scale; Lng: Gravity center moving track length; RMI: Rivermead Mobility Index; SSQOL: Stroke-Specific Quality of Life Scale; TL index: Track length per unit area; TUG: Time Up and Go test.