Influence of static cartoons combined with dynamic virtual environments on preoperative anxiety of preschool-aged children undergoing surgery

Table 1 General characteristics of patients

Factor	Control group, n = 39	Drug group, n = 37	Intervention group, n = 40	F/χ2	P value
Age in yr	4.44 ± 1.10	4.03 ± 1.28	4.10 ± 1.41	1.148	0.321
Sex				0.552	0.759
Male	20 (51.28)	16 (43.24)	18 (45.00)
Female	19 (48.72)	21 (56.76)	22 (55.00)
Weight (kg)	13.21 ± 2.12	13.89 ± 1.65	12.92 ± 1.99	2.521	0.085
Only child				1.969	0.374
Yes	30 (76.92)	25 (67.57)	25 (62.50)
No	9 (23.08)	12 (32.43)	15 (37.50)
Type of surgery
Tonsillectomy	18 (46.15)	20 (54.05)	17 (42.50)	1.067	0.587
Herniorrhaphy	9 (23.08)	10 (27.03)	11 (27.50)	0.240	0.887
Others	12 (30.77)	7 (18.92)	12 (30.00)	1.696	0.428

Data are n (%)/mean ± standard deviation.

Table 2 Comparison of modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale scores in the three study groups

Time point	Control group, n = 39	Drug group, n = 37	Intervention group, n = 40
T0	22.68 ± 5.47	22.72 ± 6.71	22.50 ± 6.09
T1	42.14 ± 6.57b	42.72 ± 3.39b	26.84 ± 4.87a,c,d
T2	57.02 ± 6.04b	37.88 ± 4.37b,c	26.07 ± 4.29a,c
T3	53.84 ± 5.53b	29.63 ± 5.27a,c	27.50 ± 7.08a,c

Data are mean ± standard deviation.

^aP < 0.05 vs T0.

^bP < 0.01 vs T0.

^cP < 0.05 vs control group.

^dP < 0.05 vs drug group.

Table 3 Comparison of mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate in the three study groups

Category	Time point	Control group, n = 39	Drug group, n = 37	Intervention group, n = 40
MAP in mmHg	T0	53.61 ± 7.23	54.66 ± 6.96	53.82 ± 7.57
	T1	60.17 ± 5.40a	57.81 ± 6.90	58.02 ± 5.73a
	T2	62.27 ± 6.48a	59.15 ± 7.16a	53.65 ± 6.17c,d
	T3	65.51 ± 6.85b	53.71 ± 6.42c	52.03 ± 5.76c
HR in beats/min	T0	119.72 ± 8.55	119.47 ± 9.46	119.70 ± 13.73
	T1	125.83 ± 7.20a	125.62 ± 6.60a	124.48 ± 7.42
	T2	126.19 ± 9.96a	125.55 ± 10.14a	122.64 ± 9.23
	T3	126.63 ± 13.01b	120.59 ± 9.85c	118.16 ± 10.29c
RR in breaths/min	T0	20.68 ± 1.75	25.42 ± 1.98	22.67 ± 2.77
	T1	24.54 ± 2.58a	25.42 ± 1.98a	22.67 ± 2.77
	T2	26.34 ± 9.72b	27.61 ± 10.69b	22.28 ± 11.06c,d
	T3	25.14 ± 2.50a	22.15 ± 2.23c	21.93 ± 3.06c

Data are mean ± standard deviation.

^aP < 0.05 vs T0.

^bP < 0.01 vs T0.

^cP < 0.05 vs control group.

^dP < 0.05 vs drug group.

HR: Heart rate; MAP: Mean arterial pressure; RR: Respiratory rate.

Table 4 Comparison of Induction Compliance Checklist scores in the three study groups

Groups	Number of cases	ICC score
Control group	39	2.48 ± 1.21
Drug group	37	3.82 ± 0.93b
Intervention group	40	3.14 ± 0.82b
F		18.500
P value		< 0.001

Data are mean ± standard deviation.

^bP < 0.01 vs control group.

ICC: Induction Compliance Checklist.