Predicting depression in patients with heart failure based on a stacking model

Table 1 Characteristics of study participants with or without depression among heart failure patients, n (%)/mean ± SD/ median (25^th-75^th percentiles)

Variables	Total	Nondepression	Depression	P value
n	1084	860	224
Age (years)	69.00 (60.00-78.00)	70.00 (61.00-78.00)	64.00 (55.25-73.00)	< 0.001
Gender				< 0.001
Female	469 (43.27)	352 (41.93)	117 (52.23)
Male	615 (56.73)	508 (59.07)	107 (47.77)
PIR	1.55 (1.00-2.69)	1.63 (1.06-2.94)	1.23 (0.78-2.05)	< 0.001
BMI (kg/m2)	30.60 (26.45-36.40)	30.40 (26.41-35.80)	32.15 (26.67-37.94)	0.070
Waist circumference (cm)	108.93 ± 17.23	108.58 ± 17.13	110.31 ± 17.60	0.180
Race/ethnicity				0.104
Mexican American	94 (8.67)	69 (8.02)	25 (11.16)
Non-Hispanic Black	298 (27.49)	241 (28.02)	57 (25.45)
Non-Hispanic White	557 (51.38)	451 (52.44)	106 (47.32)
Other Hispanic	76 (7.01)	53 (6.16)	23 (10.27)
Other Race	59 (5.44)	46 (5.35)	13 (5.80)
Marital status				0.002
Married	501 (46.22)	416 (48.37)	85 (37.95)
Separated/widowed/divorced	449 (41.42)	350 (40.70)	99 (44.20)
Never married	90 (8.30)	59 (6.86)	31 (13.84)
Living with partner	44 (4.06)	35 (4.07)	9 (4.02)
Education attainment				< 0.001
Below high school	454 (41.88)	334 (38.84)	120 (53.57)
High school	257 (23.71)	212 (24.65)	45 (20.09)
Above high school	373 (34.41)	314 (36.51)	59 (26.34)
Current smoking status				0.198
Smoking	339 (31.27)	261 (30.35)	78 (34.82)
Nonsmoking	745 (68.73)	599 (69.65)	146 (65.18)
Alcohol intake				0.586
Mild	726 (66.97)	580 (67.44)	146 (65.18)
Moderate	238 (21.96)	185 (21.51)	53 (23.66)
Heavy	120 (11.07)	95 (13.95)	25 (11.16)
Laboratory features
WBC count (1000 cells/μL)	7.57 ± 2.66	7.50 ± 2.73	7.82 ± 2.34	0.119
RDW	13.90 (13.10-14.98)	13.90 (13.10-15.00)	13.80 (13.10-14.80)	0.528
TG (mmol/L)	1.32 (0.93-1.87)	1.30 (0.89-1.86)	1.40 (1.01-1.95)	0.052
TC (mmol/L)	4.40 (3.65-5.20)	4.29 (3.62-5.12)	4.60 (3.88-4.60)	0.002
LDL- C (mmol/L)	2.41 (1.81-3.13)	2.37 (1.78-3.10)	2.60 (1.91-3.30)	0.018
HDL- C (mmol/L)	1.19 (1.01-1.49)	1.19 (1.01-1.47)	1.16 (0.99-1.53)	0.740
L count (1000 cells/μL)	1.97 ± 1.67	1.78 ± 0.06	1.12 ± 0.07	0.497
N count (1000 cells/μL)	4.68 ± 1.82	1.78 ± 0.06	1.95 ± 0.13	0.154
PLT count (1000 cells/μL)	222.32 ± 68.90	220.68 ± 69.49	228.62 ± 66.36	0.125
Hypertension				0.854
No	717 (66.14)	570 (66.28)	147 (65.63)
Yes	367 (33.86)	290 (33.72)	77 (34.38)
Anemic				0.109
No	959 (88.47)	754 (87.67)	205 (91.52)
Yes	125 (11.53)	106 (12.33)	19 (8.48)
Diabetes				0.040
No	579 (53.41)	473 (55.00)	106 (47.32)
Yes	505 (46.59)	387 (45.00)	118 (52.68)
Coronary heart disease				0.788
No	628 (57.93)	500 (58.14)	128 (57.14)
Yes	456 (42.073)	360 (41.86)	96 (42.86)

PIR: Poverty income ratio; BMI: Body mass index; WBC: White blood cell; RDW: Red cell distribution width; TG: Triglyceride; TC: Total cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; L: Lymphocyte; N: Neutrophil; PLT: Platelet.

Table 2 Area under the curve values of the models in the test dataset

Model	AUC	95%CI	Sensitivity	Specificity	Cutoff value
Stacking	0.77	0.71-0.84	0.71	0.68	0.20
LightGBM	0.72	0.65-0.79	0.68	0.67	0.21
DT	0.71	0.64-0.79	0.52	0.85	0.28
XGBoost	0.70	0.63-0.78	0.62	0.66	0.21

DT: Decision tree; AUC: Area under the curve.