Clinical efficacy and safety of flexible ureteroscopy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy for large kidney stones: A retrospective comparative study

Table 1 Baseline data at admission

Features	FURS, n = 145	PCNL, n = 105	P value
Age in years	43.67 ± 5.25	42.91 ± 5.07	0.253
Sex			0.945
Male	89 (61.38)	64 (60.95)
Female	56 (38.62)	41 (39.05)
Diameter of kidney stones in cm	2.83 ± 0.36	2.79 ± 0.32	0.365
Type of kidney stones
Pyelolithiasis	13 (8.97)	10 (9.52)	0.880
Lower calyceal calculi	32 (22.07)	27 (25.71)	0.926
Middle calyceal calculi	49 (33.79)	33 (31.43)	0.694
Upper calyceal calculi	51 (35.17)	35 (33.34)	0.763
Smoking history			0.939
Yes	49 (33.79)	35 (33.33)
No	96 (66.21)	70 (66.67)
Drinking history			0.642
Yes	62 (42.76)	48 (45.71)
No	83 (57.24)	57 (54.29)
Living environment			0.461
Town	99 (68.28)	67 (63.81)
Countryside	46 (31.72)	38 (36.19)
Side of kidney stones			0.860
Left	84 (57.93)	62 (59.05)
Right	61 (42.07)	43 (40.95)

Data are n (%) or mean ± standard deviation. FURS: Flexible ureteroscopy; PCNL: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy.

Table 2 Clinical outcomes

Parameter	FURS, n = 145	PCNL, n = 105	P value
Operative time in minutes	95.37 ± 11.94	67.19 ± 20.55	0.000
Time to bed activity in hours	7.95 ± 2.19	19.67 ± 2.74	0.000
Intraoperative blood loss in mL	15.83 ± 2.57	75.28 ± 19.64	0.000
Hemoglobin decline in g/L	3.19 ± 0.66	11.09 ± 1.84	0.000
Hospital stays in days	5.71 ± 1.37	7.15 ± 1.53	0.000
Postoperative clearance rate	133 (91.72)	78 (74.29)	0.000
Usage rate of antibiotics	11 (7.59)	21 (20.00)	0.004
Complications
Urine leakage	0 (0)	8 (7.62)	0.001
Fever	12 (8.28)	24 (22.86)	0.003

Data are n (%) or mean ± standard deviation. FURS: Flexible ureteroscopy; PCNL: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy.

Table 3 Comparison of the biochemical indices

Index	FURS, n = 145		PCNL, n = 105		P value
	Preoperative	Postoperative	Preoperative	Postoperative
sVCAM-1 in ng/mL	229.04 ± 39.17	531.58 ± 49.26a	234.53 ± 38.72	894.01 ± 52.08a	0.000
KIM-18 in mm/h	72.34 ± 12.29	92.25 ± 17.67a	73.66 ± 12.92	116.42 ± 26.17a	0.000
ESR in ng/mL	16.85 ± 1.41	8.29 ± 0.65a	16.17 ± 1.38	7.18 ± 0.62a	0.000

^aP < 0.05, vs same group preoperative biochemical indices levels.

Data are mean ± standard deviation. Postoperative biochemical indices levels in FURS group vs PCNL group, P < 0.001. ESR: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate; FURS: Flexible ureteroscopy; KIM-18: Kidney injury molecule 1; PCNL: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy; sVCAM-1: Soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1.

Table 4 Comparison of visual analog scale scores and Wisconsin Stone Quality of Life Questionnaire scores

Score	FURS, n = 145		PCNL, n = 105		P value
	Preoperative	Postoperative	Preoperative	Postoperative
VAS	5.61 ± 1.59	2.19 ± 0.75a	5.52 ± 1.53	3.35 ± 1.14a	0.000
WISQOL	109.62 ± 14.97	127.95 ± 10.52a	110.22 ± 15.26	120.74 ± 11.51a	0.000

^aP < 0.05, vs same group preoperative biochemical indices levels.

Data are mean ± standard deviation. Postoperative biochemical indices levels in FURS group vs PCNL group, P < 0.001. FURS: Flexible ureteroscopy; PCNL: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy; VAS: Visual analog scale; WISQOL: Wisconsin Stone Quality of Life Questionnaire.