Genetic polymorphisms and their correlation with dyslipidemia in Chinese patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus

Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population

Characteristic	Value
Age (yr), mean ± SD	58.4 ± 12.2
Sex, n (%)
Male	578 (52.6)
Female	520 (47.4)
Type of diabetes, n (%)
Type 1	256 (23.3)
Type 2	842 (76.7)
Duration of diabetes (yr), median (IQR)	7.0 (3.0-12.0)
BMI (kg/m²), mean ± SD	25.8 ± 4.1
Lipid profile, mean ± SD
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	5.2 ± 1.3
LDL-C (mmol/L)	3.1 ± 1.0
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.2 ± 0.4
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	2.0 ± 1.5
Dyslipidemia, n (%)	712 (64.8)
Hypertension, n (%)	528 (48.1)
Cardiovascular disease, n (%)	196 (17.9)

IQR: Interquartile range; BMI: Body mass index; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Table 2 Distribution of lipid abnormalities among patients with dyslipidemia

Lipid abnormality	n (%)
High total cholesterol (≥ 6.2 mmol/L)	284 (39.9)
High LDL-C (≥ 4.1 mmol/L)	312 (43.8)
Low HDL-C (< 1.0 mmol/L for men, < 1.3 mmol/L for women)	368 (51.7)
High triglycerides (≥ 2.3 mmol/L)	420 (59.0)

Patients may have had more than one lipid abnormality. LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Table 3 Genotype and allele frequencies of polymorphisms of candidate genes

Gene	Polymorphism	Genotype frequency	Allele frequency
APOE	rs7412	C/C: 0.892	C: 0.943
C/T: 0.101	T: 0.057
T/T: 0.007
APOE	rs429358	T/T: 0.652	T: 0.806
T/C: 0.308	C: 0.194
C/C: 0.040
LPL	rs328	C/C: 0.628	C: 0.789
C/G: 0.322	G: 0.211
G/G: 0.050
CETP	rs708272	A/A: 0.402	A: 0.636
A/G: 0.468	G: 0.364
G/G: 0.130

Table 4 Association between genetic polymorphisms and dyslipidemia

Gene	Polymorphism	Genetic model	Genotype	OR (95%CI)	P value
APOE	rs7412	Codominant	C/C, C/T, T/T	1.00 (reference), 1.28 (0.92-1.79), 2.81 (1.12-7.04)	0.036
APOE	rs7412	Dominant	C/C, C/T + T/T	1.00 (reference), 1.41 (1.03-1.93)	0.031
APOE	rs429358	Codominant	T/T, T/C, C/C	1.00 (reference), 1.19 (0.95-1.49), 2.14 (1.38-3.32)	0.001
APOE	rs429358	Dominant	T/T, T/C + C/C	1.00 (reference), 1.36 (1.11-1.67)	0.003
LPL	rs328	Codominant	C/C, C/G, G/G	1.00 (reference), 1.23 (0.99-1.53), 2.05 (1.26-3.33)	0.007
LPL	rs328	Dominant	C/C, C/G + G/G	1.00 (reference), 1.34 (1.10-1.64)	0.004
CETP	rs708272	Codominant	A/A, A/G, G/G	1.00 (reference), 0.88 (0.70-1.11), 0.62 (0.43-0.89)	0.011
CETP	rs708272	Dominant	A/A, A/G + G/G	1.00 (reference), 0.82 (0.66-1.01)	0.064
CETP	rs708272	Recessive	A/A + A/G, G/G	1.00 (reference), 0.64 (0.46-0.89)	0.008

OR: Odds ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval.

Table 5 Subgroup analyses of association between genetic polymorphisms and dyslipidemia

Subgroup	APOE rs7412 OR (CI)	APOE rs429358 OR (CI)	LPL rs328 OR (CI)	CETP rs708272 OR (CI)
Age
< 60 yr	2.62 (0.91-7.54)	2.08 (1.25-3.46)	1.92 (1.06-3.48)	0.69 (0.44-1.08)
≥ 60 yr	3.11 (0.89-10.86)	2.24 (1.19-4.21)	2.27 (1.12-4.60)	0.51 (0.27-0.96)
Sex
Male	3.18 (1.03-9.81)	2.31 (1.33-4.03)	2.14 (1.14-4.03)	0.58 (0.34-0.99)
Female	2.41 (0.64-9.08)	1.96 (1.07-3.59)	1.94 (0.94-4.01)	0.68 (0.39-1.19)
BMI
< 25 kg/m²	2.95 (0.86-10.12)	2.06 (1.15-3.69)	2.18 (1.11-4.28)	0.60 (0.34-1.06)
≥ 25 kg/m²	2.68 (0.78-9.21	2.23 (1.27-3.92)	1.93 (1.00-3.73)	0.65 (0.38-1.11)
Diabetes type
Type 1	2.73 (0.61-12.21)	2.39 (1.09-5.24)	1.81 (0.72-4.55)	0.71 (0.32-1.57)
Type 2	2.88 (1.00-8.28)	2.04 (1.24-3.36)	2.18 (1.27-3.75)	0.59 (0.38-0.92)

OR: Odds ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval; BMI: Body mass index.