Inverse relationship between platelet Akt activity and hippocampal atrophy: A pilot case-control study in patients with diabetes mellitus

Table 1 Characteristics of the study subjects

Parameters	DM group	Control group
Total number (F/M)	40 (20/20)	15 (8/7)
Age (years)	75.0 ± 7.6	73.4 ± 7.0
DM duration (years)	13.6 ± 11.3	None
Height (cm)	156.7 ± 8.8	158.5 ± 8.3
Weight (kg)	57.0 ± 10.5	57.8 ± 7.1
BMI	23.2 ± 3.8	23.0 ± 2.6
sBP (mmHg)	124.5 ± 19.3	130.0 ± 15.7
dBP (mmHg)	67.8 ± 13.6	74.4 ± 11.6
HbA1c (%)	8.1 ± 1.4d	5.9 ± 0.2
Glu (mg/dL)	175.0 ± 54.2d	99.3 ± 13.3
TC (mg/dL)	185.1 ± 33.3	201.6 ± 29.4
TG (mg/dL)	119.1 ± 53.7	110.7 ± 57.0
HDL (mg/dL)	53.6 ± 14.4	61.9 ± 13.7
Plt (× 104/μL)	21.4 ± 5.9	23.8 ± 3.7
VSRAD Z-score	0.841 ± 0.462	0.900 ± 0.489

^dP < 0.01, compared to the control group.

F: Female; M: Male; DM: Diabetes mellitus; BMI: Body mass index; sBP: Systolic blood pressure; dBP: Diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; Glu: Plasma glucose; TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglyceride; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; Plt: Platelet counts; VSRAD: Voxel-based specific regional analysis for Alzheimer’s Disease. The data are presented as the mean ± SD.

Table 2 The list and number of anti-diabetic medications in the subjects of diabetes mellitus group

Agent	Cases
Metformin	3
GLP-1RAs	2
Insulins	7
DPP-4 inhibitors	22
α-Glucosidase inhibitors	4
SGLT2 inhibitors	5
Sulfonylureas	10

GLP-1RA: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; DPP-4: Dipeptidyl peptidase 4; SGLT2: Sodium glucose transporter-2.

Table 3 Voxel-based specific regional analysis for Alzheimer’s Disease Z-scores and the medication (exogenous insulin, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist or metformin) of the diabetes mellitus subjects

Patient	Z-score	Patient	Z-score	Patient	Z-score	Patient	Z-score
1	1.33	11	0.25	212	0.94	31	1.95
2	0.38	12	0.82	223	0.39	32	0.71
3	1.01	13	0.67	231,3	0.65	33	1.65
41	0.34	14	0.38	24	0.59	34	0.63
51	0.35	15	0.41	25	1.14	35	0.72
6	0.68	16	0.31	26	0.67	36	1.65
7	0.51	17	0.54	27	1.18	37	1.49
8	1.04	181	1.93	28	0.72	38	0.79
9	0.23	19	1.62	29	0.58	39	0.87
10	0.49	20	1.05	30	0.95	40	1.06

¹Exogenous insulin-medicated.

²Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist-medicated.

³Metformin-medicated.

Voxel-based specific regional analysis system for AD (VSRAD) registered the target volume of interest (VOI) in the medial temporal lobe including hippocampus. The individual Z-scores in the target VOI (VSRAD Z-score) are presented.

Table 4 Voxel-based specific regional analysis for Alzheimer’s Disease Z-scores in the control subjects

Patient	Z-score	Patient	Z-score
1	0.53	9	0.51
2	1.63	10	0.63
3	1.86	11	1.27
4	0.50	12	1.54
5	0.43	13	0.89
6	0.70	14	0.48
7	1.32	15	0.77
8	0.45

Voxel-based specific regional analysis for Alzheimer’s Disease (VSRAD) registered the target volume of interest (VOI) in the medial temporal lobe including hippocampus. The individual Z-scores in the target VOI (VSRAD Z-score) are presented.