Better understanding of c-reactive protein and leukocytes in psychiatric inpatients with affective disorders: A biopsychosocial approach

Table 1 Descriptive and psychometric characteristics of the study population, n (%)

Variable
Demographic variables
Age (years), mean ± SD	41.82 ± 15.82
Sex
Female	98 (59.4)
Male	64 (38.8)
Diverse	3 (1.8)
Education
No formal education	1 (0.6)
Compulsory schooling	19 (11.5)
Apprenticeship	63 (38.2)
High school diploma	52 (31.5)
University diploma	30 (18.2)
Other school diploma	0 (0)
Somatic variables
Somatic comorbidities (yes)	48 (29.1)
Metabolic syndrome (yes)	51 (30.9)
Somatic medication (yes)	61 (37.0)
TG treatment (yes)	15 (9.1)
Cholesterol treatment (yes)	16 (9.7)
Antihypertensive treatment (yes)	30 (18.2)
Anti-Inflammatory treatment (yes)	9 (5.5)
C-reactive protein (mg/L), mean ± SD	1.67 ± 1.58
Leukocytes (109/L), mean ± SD	6.70 ± 1.66
TG (mg/dL), mean ± SD	127.52 ± 68.69
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL), mean ± SD	58.56 ± 18.61
Plasma glucose (mg/dL), mean ± SD	88.93 ± 12.71
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean ± SD	124.11 ± 13.69
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean ± SD	80.41 ± 9.96
Waist circumference (cm), mean ± SD	87.75 ± 14.95
BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD	25.57 ± 5.23
Psychiatric variables
Type of AD
Single-episode unipolar depression	27 (16.4)
Recurrent unipolar depression	109 (66.1)
Bipolar disorder	22 (13.3)
Cyclothymia/dysthymia	2 (1.2)
Other	5 (3.0)
Psychiatric comorbidities (yes)	83 (50.3)
Psychiatric medication (yes)	165 (100)
Antidepressants (yes)	150 (90.9)
FDR (yes)	70 (42.4)
Age of first affective symptoms, mean ± SD	26.87 ± 15.93
Age of AD diagnosis, mean ± SD	32.66 ± 14.08
Number of affective episodes, mean ± SD	10.90 ± 16.49
Depression severity (PHQ-9 score), mean ± SD	16.19 ± 6.52
Health behaviour variables, mean ± SD
Dietary behaviour, mean ± SD	38.73 ± 7.96
Mediterranean diet, mean ± SD	6.61 ± 2.05
Smoking, mean ± SD	2.88 ± 1.88
Participation in medical check-ups, mean ± SD	25.12 ± 6.60
Physical activity, mean ± SD	10.45 ± 4.05
Sleep quality, mean ± SD	10.92 ± 4.72
Personality variables
Narcissism, mean ± SD	2.09 ± 0.62
Machiavellianism, mean ± SD	2.39 ± 0.72
Psychopathy, mean ± SD	1.67 ± 0.61

Smoking: Item from the Multidimensional Health Behaviour questionnaire (“How often do you smoke?”; Range 1-5, higher values indicate higher smoking frequency). FDR: First-degree relatives with severe psychiatric disorders (e.g., schizophrenia); AD: Affective disorder; TG: Triglycerides; PHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire-9; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; BMI: Body mass index.

Table 2 Somatic, demographic, and psychiatric variables predicting C-reactive protein levels in individuals with affective disorders within hierarchical regression analysis

Variable	B	95% CI(B)		SEB	β	R2	ΔR2
		LL	UL
Step 1						0.25	0.25c
Constant	-1.90c	-0.89	-0.9	0.5	0.08
Metabolic syndrome	0.23	-0.31	0.76	0.27	0.08
Somatic medication	0.45a	0.06	0.84	0.2	0.17
BMI	0.10c	0.05	0.14	0.02	0.3
Step 2						0.29	0.04a
Constant	-1.1	-2.32	0.13	0.62
Metabolic syndrome	0.16	-0.38	0.69	0.27	0.06
Somatic medication	0.26	-0.16	0.69	0.21	0.1
BMI	0.08c	0.04	0.13	0.02	0.33
Age	0.02a	0	0.03	0.01	0.18
Education	-0.19a	-0.35	-0.04	0.08	-0.18
Step 3						0.34	0.05b
Constant	-1.42a	-2.63	-0.21	0.61
Metabolic syndrome	0.14	-0.37	0.66	0.26	0.05
Somatic medication	0.33	-0.08	0.74	0.21	0.12
BMI	0.09c	0.04	0.14	0.02	0.37
Age	-0.01	-0.03	0.01	0.01	-0.09
Education	-0.22c	-0.37	-0.07	0.08	-0.21
Age of diagnosis	0.03c	0.01	0.05	0.01	0.34

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

^cP < 0.001.

BMI: Body mass index; CI: Confidence interval; LL: Lower limit; UL: Upper limit; SE: Standard error.

Table 3 Health behaviour and somatic variables predicting leukocyte levels in individuals with affective disorders within hierarchical regression analysis

Variable	B	95% CI(B)		SEB	β	R2	ΔR2
		LL	UL
Step 1						0.1	0.12c
Constant	7.93c	6.67	9.2	0.64
Dietary behaviour	-0.05b	-0.08	-0.02	0.02	-0.24
Smoking	0.18b	0.05	0.3	0.06	0.21
Step 2						0.18	0.09c
Constant	5.72c	4.04	7.39	0.85
Dietary behaviour	-0.04b	-0.07	-0.02	0.01	-0.22
Smoking	0.16a	0.04	0.28	0.06	0.19
Metabolic syndrome	0.76b	0.27	1.25	0.25	0.23
Anti-inflammatory medication	1.09a	0.11	2.07	0.5	0.16

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

^cP < 0.001.

CI: Confidence interval; LL: Lower limit; UL: Upper limit.