Cerebral arterial blood flow, attention, and executive and cognitive functions in depressed patients after acute hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage

Table 1 General characteristics of the observation group and the control group, n (%)/ mean ± SD

Clinical Information	Observation group (n = 89)	Control group (n = 100)	t/χ2	P
Gender
Male	54 (60.67)	58 (58.00)	0.139	0.709
Female	35 (39.33)	42 (42.00)
Age (yr)	55.79 ± 9.87	53.36 ± 10.15	1.664	0.098
Body mass index (kg/m2)	22.41 ± 2.36	22.18 ± 2.09	0.711	0.478
Academic qualifications
Below high school	57 (64.04)	70 (70.00)	0.758	0.384
High School and above	32 (35.96)	30 (30.00)
Brain hemorrhage lesions
Basal joint	39 (43.82)	45 (45.00)	0.716	0.949
Thalamus	23 (25.84)	23 (23.00)
Lobe of the brain	13 (14.61)	17 (17.00)
Cerebellum	9 (10.11)	8 (8.00)
Brainstem	5 (5.62)	7 (7.00)
Amount of cerebral hemorrhage
< 30 mL	26 (29.21)	30 (30.00)	0.023	0.989
30-60 mL	40 (44.94)	45 (45.00)
> 60 mL	23 (25.84)	25 (25.00)
Cerebral hemorrhage side
Right side	29 (32.58)	31 (31.00)	0.055	0.815
Left side	60 (67.42)	69 (69.00)
Surgical method
Boneless flap	55 (61.80)	64 (64.00)	0.098	0.754
Small Bone Window	34 (38.20)	36 (36.00)

Table 2 Comparison of attention, executive ability, and Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale scores between the two groups, mean ± SD

Indicators	Observation group (n = 89)	Control group (n = 100)	t	P value
Paddle pin quiz (points)
Net score I	32.20 ± 8.89	57.65 ± 9.90	-18.504	< 0.001
Net score II	36.60 ± 9.17	61.50 ± 9.24	-18.558	< 0.001
Net score III	17.20 ± 5.51	32.20 ± 5.58	-18.556	< 0.001
Net score IV	21.84 ± 8.05	28.80 ± 7.10	-6.316	< 0.001
Net score V	7.70 ± 2.40	15.50 ± 4.43	-14.788	< 0.001
Total net score	115.80 ± 12.26	195.76 ± 20.03	-32.609	< 0.001
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
Total number of responses	122.45 ± 14.48	92.52 ± 16.60	13.134	< 0.001
Number of error responses	52.50 ± 13.37	19.54 ± 5.54	22.576	< 0.001
Number of persistent errors	26.20 ± 8.89	8.90 ± 1.15	19.286	< 0.001
Number of completed answers for the 1st classification	26.10 ± 6.86	15.70 ± 4.12	12.791	< 0.001
MoCA score (points)	24.40 ± 2.21	27.80 ± 2.13	-10.762	< 0.001

MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale.

Table 3 Comparison of cerebral artery blood flow between two groups of patients

Cerebral arteries	Observation group (n = 89)	Control group (n = 100)	t	P value
Basilar artery (cm/s)	37.20 ± 4.43	42.20 ± 3.95	-8.203	< 0.001
Left vertebral artery (cm/s)	37.15 ± 3.34	37.50 ± 3.15	-0.741	0.460
Right vertebral artery (cm/s)	34.41 ± 4.03	35.54 ± 3.88	-1.962	0.051
Left middle cerebral artery (cm/s)	57.65 ± 6.82	68.15 ± 7.15	-10.298	< 0.001
Right middle cerebral artery (cm/s)	57.80 ± 7.15	66.80 ± 8.20	-7.996	< 0.001
Left anterior cerebral artery (cm/s)	50.03 ± 6.68	61.15 ± 7.90	-10.380	< 0.001
Right anterior cerebral artery (cm/s)	47.80 ± 4.55	60.03 ± 6.22	-15.266	< 0.001
Left posterior cerebral artery (cm/s)	36.12 ± 8.03	37.09 ± 7.33	-0.868	0.386
Right posterior cerebral artery (cm/s)	35.51 ± 6.11	36.12 ± 6.84	-0.643	0.521

Table 4 Correlation between cerebral artery blood flow and attention

Cerebral arteries	Paddle pin quiz (points)
	Net score I	Net score II	Net score III	Net score IV	Net score V	Total net score
Basilar artery (cm/s)	0.322a	0.335a	0.104	0.142	0.402a	0.422a
Left vertebral artery (cm/s)	0.187	0.141	0.203	0.098	0.104	0.117
Right vertebral artery (cm/s)	0.105	0.112	0.114	-0.058	-0.087	0.184
Left middle cerebral artery (cm/s)	0.503a	0.487a	0.505a	0.427a	0.112	0.503a
Right middle cerebral artery (cm/s)	0.488a	0.502a	0.412a	0.403a	0.109	0.477a
Left anterior cerebral artery (cm/s)	-0.098	0.415a	0.309a	0.378a	0.415a	0.432a
Right anterior cerebral artery (cm/s)	-0.102	0.433a	0.318a	0.390a	0.470a	0.387a
Left posterior cerebral artery (cm/s)	0.234	-0.054	0.087	0.099	-0.107	0.108
Right posterior cerebral artery (cm/s)	0.105	-0.101	0.112	0.100	-0.087	0.102

^aP < 0.05, indicates statistically significant.

Table 5 Correlation between cerebral artery blood flow and executive ability

Cerebral arteries	Wisconsin Card Sorting Test				MoCA score (points)
	Total number of responses	Number of error responses	Number of persistent errors	Number of completed answers for the 1st classification
Basilar artery (cm/s)	-0.385a	-0.098	-0.112	-0.324a	0.312a
Left vertebral artery (cm/s)	-0.065	-0.106	-0.082	-0.114	0.018
Right vertebral artery (cm/s)	-0.097	-0.114	-0.109	-0.078	0.095
Left middle cerebral artery (cm/s)	-0.398a	-0.423a	-0.115	-0.447a	0.387a
Right middle cerebral artery (cm/s)	-0.503a	-0.406a	-0.124	-0.435a	0.406a
Left anterior cerebral artery (cm/s)	-0.411a	-0.378a	-0.411a	-0.347a	0.355a
Right anterior cerebral artery (cm/s)	-0.365a	-0.109	-0.362a	-0.303a	0.378a
Left posterior cerebral artery (cm/s)	0.065	-0.087	-0.098	0.012	0.046
Right posterior cerebral artery (cm/s)	-0.098	0.045	-0.077	0.087	0.112

^aP < 0.05, indicates statistically significant.

MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale.

Table 6 Comparison of attention and executive ability in the observation group before and after treatment, mean ± SD

Indicators	Before treatment (n = 89)	After treatment (n = 89)	t	P value
Paddle pin quiz (points)
Net score I	32.20 ± 8.89	40.54 ± 9.12	6.178	< 0.001
Net score II	36.60 ± 9.17	42.21 ± 8.43	4.249	< 0.001
Net score III	17.20 ± 5.51	22.25 ± 4.80	6.520	< 0.001
Net score IV	21.84 ± 8.05	24.63 ± 7.12	2.449	0.015
Net score V	7.70 ± 2.40	9.12 ± 1.87	4.403	< 0.001
Total net score	115.80 ± 12.26	135.58 ± 20.43	7.832	< 0.001
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
Total number of responses	122.45 ± 14.48	75.50 ± 15.03	21.223	< 0.001
Number of error responses	52.50 ± 13.37	38.65 ± 11.20	7.491	< 0.001
Number of persistent errors	26.20 ± 8.89	22.40 ± 9.02	2.831	0.005
Number of completed answers for the 1st classification	26.10 ± 6.86	20.03 ± 5.74	6.402	< 0.001
HAMD-24 score (points)	27.20 ± 2.03	21.02 ± 2.11	19.912	< 0.001
MoCA score (points)	24.40 ± 2.21	26.12 ± 2.32	5.064	< 0.001

HAMD: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale.

Table 7 Comparison of cerebral artery blood flow in the observation group before and after treatment, mean ± SD

Cerebral arteries	Before treatment (n = 89)	3 months after treatment (n = 89)	t	P value
Basilar artery (cm/s)	37.20 ± 4.43	40.03 ± 4.10	4.423	0.000
Left vertebral artery (cm/s)	37.15 ± 3.34	37.25 ± 3.80	0.186	0.852
Right vertebral artery (cm/s)	34.41 ± 4.03	34.84 ± 3.95	0.719	0.473
Left middle cerebral artery (cm/s)	57.65 ± 6.82	62.28 ± 7.03	4.460	0.000
Right middle cerebral artery (cm/s)	57.80 ± 7.15	63.15 ± 6.87	5.090	0.000
Left anterior cerebral artery (cm/s)	50.03 ± 6.68	55.59 ± 6.92	5.454	0.000
Right anterior cerebral artery (cm/s)	47.80 ± 4.55	54.49 ± 5.03	9.305	0.000
Left posterior cerebral artery (cm/s)	36.12 ± 8.03	36.03 ± 7.78	0.076	0.940
Right posterior cerebral artery (cm/s)	35.51 ± 6.11	35.80 ± 5.22	0.340	0.734