Comparative effects of insulin pump and injection on gestational diabetes mellitus pregnancy outcomes and serum biomarkers

Table 1 Comparison of basic clinical data of two groups

Group	n	Sex		Age (yr)	Course of disease (yr)	Educational background (n)
		Male	Female			Junior high school or below	High school	Above high school
Insulin pump group	210	114	96	32.65 ± 9.14	12.45 ± 2.16	50	88	72
Insulin subcutaneous injection group	210	110	100	33.01 ± 9.53	13.04 ± 2.58	46	90	74
Statistical value	-	0.085		0.395	2.541	0.9198
P value	-	0.770		0.693	0.011	0.6313

Table 2 Comparison of levels of blood sugar after treatment in two groups of patients

Group	n	Fasting blood glucose	2 h postprandial blood glucose
Insulin pump group	210	5.67 ± 1.58	8.41 ± 1.27
Insulin subcutaneous injection group	210	6.58 ± 1.07	9.35 ± 1.59
Statistical value	-	6.910	6.694
P value	-	< 0.001	< 0.001

Table 3 Comparison of pain scores of two groups

Group	n	0	1	2	3	4
Insulin pump group	210	126	44	34	6	0
Insulin subcutaneous injection group	210	76	78	42	12	2
Statistical value	-	23.844
P value	-	< 0.001

Table 4 Comparison of pregnancy complications and pregnancy outcomes between the two groups

Group	n	Amniotic fluid contamination	Oligohydramnios	Preeclampsia	Premature rupture of membranes	Macrosomia	Fetal distress
Insulin pump group	210	8	6	6	2	2	2
Insulin subcutaneous injection group	210	14	10	8	26	4	16
Statistical value	-	1.727	1.04	0.296	22.041	0.676	11.376
P value	-	0.189	0.308	0.586	< 0.001	0.411	0.001

Table 5 Comparison of levels of insulin pump group, subcutaneous injection group, secreted frizzled-related protein 5, homocysteine and C1q/TNF-related protein 9

Variable	Insulin pump group (n = 210)	Insulin subcutaneous injection group (n = 210)	t/χ2	P value
SFRP5 (mmol/L)	6.72 ± 1.05	6.08 ± 1.26	5.655	< 0.001
Hcy (mmol/L)	5.27 ± 2.02	7.04 ± 1.48	10.243	< 0.001
CTRP9 (mmol/L)	46.28 ± 8.15	38.86 ± 6.54	10.290	< 0.001

Hcy: Homocysteine; SFRP5: Secreted frizzled-related protein 5; CTRP9: C1q/TNF-related protein 9.