Human immunodeficiency virus-associated dementia complex with positive 14-3-3 protein in cerebrospinal fluid: A case report

Table 1 Comparison of conditions between before and after treatment with anti-human immunodeficiency virus

Test items	Before	After
MoCA	16	25
ADL	25	70
Muscle strength	V	V
Hypertonia	(+)	Improvement
Pathological reflex	(-)	(-)
Neuroradiology	(+)	Improvement

ADL: Activities of daily living; MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment.

Table 2 Difference between a previous case report about rapidly progressive dementia with human immunodeficiency virus and current report

Ref.	Pt	Sex	Age	Race/Region	Symptoms	Examination	Diagnosis	Management	Outcomes
Babi et al[4]	2016	Male	66	United States	Conceptual apraxia, apathy, memory impairment, and gait disturbance, ataxia with gait disturbance, chronic peripheral neuropathy	CSF: 14-3-3(+); T-Tau(+); RT-Qu IC(+); MRI: signal abnormalities in the bilateral caudate, putamen, and thalami, as well as gyriform cortical; EEG: (-); PRNP: N/A; Autopsy: CJD	Sporadic CJD	Palliative care	Passed away (3 months)
Eimer et al[7]	2018	Male	59	Caucasian	Mildly disoriented being insecure about the situation and location	CSF: 14-3-3(+); MRI: signal abnormalities in the caudate nuclei, frontal cortex, and parietal cortex bilaterally; EEG: periodic triphasic spike and wave complexes; PRNP: M129V; Autopsy: CJD	Sporadic CJD	Palliative care	Passed away (2 months)
Abu-Rumeileh et al[3]	2018	Male	62	Italy	Drowsy, with reduced verbal fluency, miotic reagent pupils, and a mask face. Axial and limb plastic hypertonia and dystonia of both hands	CSF: 14-3-3(+); MRI: cortical atrophy and multiple white matter lesions. EEG: pseudo-periodic slow spike discharges; PRNP: N/A; Autopsy: CJD	Sporadic CJD	Palliative care	Passed away (4 months)
De Carvalho Neto et al[6]	2019	Male	52	Caucasian	Progressive imbalance, motor and cognitive deterioration and hypersomnia	CSF: 14-3-3(+); MRI: cortical gyri_x005f form restriction on both hemispheres; EEG: triphasic PSWC; PRNP: N/A; Autopsy: N/A	Probable sporadic CJD	Palliative care	Passed away (greater than 2 months)
van de Ven et al[21]	2019	Male	63	Black Zimbabwean	Progressive difficulties with decision-making, obsessive compulsive disorder and visual hallucinations	CSF: 14-3-3 (weakly+); MRI: bilateral abnormal signal within the posterolateral thalami compatible with pulvinar sign; EEG: Diffuse excess of slow activity; PRNP: M129V; Autopsy: CJD	Variant CJD	Palliative care	Passed away (10 months)
Dahy et al[5]	2021	Male	52	Brazil	Global cerebellar syndrome, bilateral Babinski, 4-limb paratonia and release of face axial reflexes. The memory, attention and executive function deficits	CSF: 14-3-3(+); MRI: bilateral hyper intensity of images in caudal nuclei; EEG: (-); PRNP: M129V; Autopsy: N/A	Probable sporadic CJD	N/A	Passed away (13 months)
Dahy et al[5]	2021	Male	61	Brazil	Asthenia, lack of appetite, difficulty sleeping and occasional memory lapses, uncoordinated steps, visual delusions and bladder incontinence	CSF: 14-3-3(+); MRI: bilateral cortical ribboning in the cerebral cortex; PRNP: N/A; EEG: N/A; Autopsy: N/A	Probable sporadic CJD	N/A	Passed away (5 months)
Current report	2022	Male	54	Han/China	Progressive hypomnesis, paroxysmal anterograde amnesia, unsteady gait	CSF: 14-3-3 (weakly+); MRI: Bilateral abnormal signal within the posterolateral thalami compatible; EEG: Borderline abnormality of the periodic triphasic wave; PRNP: 129 M/M; Autopsy: N/A	Probable ADC	Anti-HIV	Improved and following-up

ADC: AIDS dementia complex; CJD: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease; CSF: Cerebrospinal fluid; EEG: Electroencephalogram; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; N/A: Not available; PRNP: Prion protein gene; PSWC: Periodic sharp and slow wave complex; Pt: Publish time.