Minireviews
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2023.
World J Clin Cases. Mar 26, 2023; 11(9): 1903-1917
Published online Mar 26, 2023. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i9.1903
Table 1 The comparison of methods in studies on asymmetry pattern at resting state of clinically depressed individuals
Ref.Sample
Age (yr)
% femaleDiagnosis of depressionEEG detail
Experimental group
Control group
Experimental group
Control group
Reference montage
EO/EC
Recording length (min)
Alpha range (Hz)
Henriques et al[20], 1991EG: 15 depressed subjects CG: 13 healthy controlsM = 40.40 (depressed subjects)M = 40.61 (HCs)60.7SADSCZ; AE; ARE0+EC18–13
Baehr et al[21], 1998EG: 13 MDDCG: 11 healthy controlsM = 43.50 (MDD)M = 44.20 (HCs)DSM-IV; BDICzEC58–13
Beeney et al[22], 2014EG: 13 MDDCG: 21 healthy controlsM = 32.12 (MDD)M = 27.78 (HCs)100DSM–IV; SCIDALE0+EC88–13
Bruder et al[23], 1997EG: 44 MDD (19 with and 25 without an anxiety disorder)CG: 26 healthy controlsMDD with an anxiety disorder: M = 36.70; MDD without an anxiety disorder: M = 41.30 M = 32.90 (HCs)50DSM-III-RNRE0+EC67.8–12.5
Cantisani et al[24], 2016EG: 20 depressed subjects CG: 19 healthy controlsM = 43.30 (depressed subjects)M = 41.05 (HCs)53.8SCID; DSM-IV-TRCA68–12.5
Dharmadhikari et al[25], 2019EG: 24 MDDCG: 17 healthy controlsM = 34.82 (MDD)M = 29.52 (HCs)63.4DSM-IVauricleEC108--13
Gordon et al[26], 2010EG: 92 MDDCG: 1908 healthy controls58.7DSM-IVARE0+EC48–13
Gotlib[27], 1998EG: 16 currently depressed, 31 previously depressedCG: 30 never depressedSCIDCzE0+EC88–13
Jaworska et al[28], 2012EG: 53 MDD CG: 43 healthy controls DSM-IV-TR; SCID-IV-I/P; HAMD; MADRSAM; CZ; ARE0+EC68–13
Kemp et al[29], 2010EG: 15 MDDCG: 15 healthy controlsM = 39.90 (MDD)M = 42.40 (HCs)60MINI; DASSAM EC28–13
Koo et al[30], 2019EG: 20 MDD CG: 20 healthy controls M = 51.05 (MDD)M = 47.15 (HCs)ICD-10/DSM IVAEEC108–13
Roh et al[31], 2020EG: 44 MDD without Suicidal ideation, 23 MDD with suicidal ideation CG: 60 healthy controlsM = 39.30 (MDD); M = 37.48 (MDD with SI)M = 34.83 (HCs)85DSM-IVECCEO38–12
Stewart et al[32], 2010EG: 143 MDDCG: 163 healthy controlsM = 19.10 (MDD)69DSM-IVCSD; Cz; LME0+EC88–13
Cai et al[34], 2020EG: 24 MDDCG: 22 healthy controlsDSM-IV; MINICzEC58–14
Nusslock et al[35], 2018EG: 37 depression, 18 anxiety + depression CG: 69 healthy controls SCIDAM E0+EC68–13
Brzezicka et al[36], 2017EG: 26 MDDCG: 26 healthy controlsM = 28.00 (MDD)M = 24.90 (HCs)CSDEC58–13
Jang et al[37], 2020EG: 20 MDD, 18 patients with schizophreniaCG: 16 healthy controlsM = 42.60 (MDD); M = 32.00 (MDD with schizophrenia)M = 37.75 (HCs)48.1DSM-IV; MINIBME0+EC58–12
Segrave et al[38], 2011EG: 16 MDD CG: 18 healthy controlsM = 40.75 (MDD) M = 42.11 (HCs)100DSM-IVCz; CAE0+EC68–13
Quinn et al[39], 2014EG: 117 MDD CG: 120 healthy controlsMINI; DSM-IVAR; ER EC28–13
Smith et al[99], 2018EG:143 lifetime MDD, 62 current MDD CG: 163 healthy control 69BDI; SCIDCzE0+EC88–13
Vuga et al[40], 2006EG: 49 childhood onset MDDCG: 50 healthy controls19-3419-3966.7DSM-IVCzE0+EC67.5–12.5; alpha 1 (7.5–10.5); alpha 2 (10.5–12.5)
Gold et al[41], 2013EG: 79 adults with depressionM= 35.6078.5DSM-III-R; SCID; MADRSALMEC58–12
McFarland et al[42], 2006EG: 67 MDDM = 34.6465.7SCIDLEE0+EC68–13
Kentgen et al[44], 2000EG: 25 right-handed female outpatientsCG: 10 healthy controls100DSM-IVNRE0+EC67.8--12.5
Feldmann et al[45], 2018EG: 16 adolescents with depressionCG: 34 healthy controls M = 16.08 M = 15.67 72.6ICD-10; BDI Cz; Mastoids; AEE0+EC87.5–13
Grünewald et al[46], 2018EG: 20 adolescents (12–17 yr) with unipolar depression (12 with fifirst episode, 8 with recurrent depression) CG: 31 healthy controlsM = 14.85 (unipolar depression)M = 14.16 (HCs)60.8DSM-IV; ICD-10AR57.5–13.5
Deslandes et al[89], 2008EG: 22 depressed subjectsCG: 14 healthy controlsM = 71.60 (depressed subjects)M = 72.40 (HCs)94DSM-IVERE0+EC88–13
Kaiser et al[50], 2018EG: 14 depression, 11 anxiety + depressionCG: 14 healthy controlsM = 78.60 (anxiety + depression); m = 80.50 (depression)M = 80.90 (HCs)100GDS; HADSRLMBE0+EC46.9–12.9
Carvalho et al[51], 2011EG: 12 depressed subjects, 8 remitted subjects CG: 7 non-depresse elderly subjects66.7DSM-IVEarlobesEC88–12.9
Table 2 The comparison of methods in studies on asymmetry pattern at resting state of children inherited from generation to generation
Ref.Sample
Age (yr)
% femaleDiagnosis of depressionEEG detail
Experimental group
Control group
Experimentalgroup
Control group
Reference montage
EO/EC
Recording length (min)
Alpha range (Hz)
Dawson et al[54], 1997EG: 117 mothers and their 13-15-mo-old infants 13.7444.4DSM-IIIR; SCID; CES-DME16–9
Diego et al[56], 2006EG: 38 depressedCG: 28 non-depressed3-6 moCES-DCz3–13
Field et al[57], 1995 EG: 17 depressed adolescent mothersCG: 15 non-depressed mothers 3-6 mo50DISC; BDICz33–12
Jones et al[58], 1997EG: 20 depressed group CG: 24 non-depressed groupM = 18.00M = 18.70CES-D; SCID Cz32–6
Jones et al[59], 1998EG: 35 mothers with depressive symptom CG: 28 non-depressive symptom M = 38.80M = 39.5048CES-D Cz38.5–125
Tomarken et al[60], 2004EG: 23 high riskCG: 13 low riskM = 13.10M = 13.00 52.6SCIDCzE0+EC88.5–12.5
Lopez-Duran et al[61], 2012EG: 90 high riskCG: 45 low riskM = 7.36M = 7.9346.6DSM-IV; SCIDCAE0+EC37.5–11.5
Goodman et al[63], 2020EG: 136 total infants.M = 12 moDSM-IVARC36–9
Wen et al[64], 2017EG: 111 infants 6 mo of age (± 2 wk)EPDSCz26–9
Lusby et al[65], 2014EG: 83 mother–infant dyads participated 3 mo and 6 mo onlyDSM-IVARC36–9
Dawson et al[69], 1992EG: 31 infantsM = 14.21 (mo)59.1CES-DCz16–9
Bruder et al[68], 2007EG: 19 both parent and grandparent having MDD; 14 either parent or grandparent having MDD CG: 16 neither having MDD M = 15.40; M = 10.60M = 13.6053LEE0+EC27–12.5
Table 3 The comparison of methods in studies on frontal electroencephalogram alpha asymmetry of response to antidepressant treatment
Ref.Sample
Age (yr)
Intervention time% femaleDiagnosis of depressionEEG detail
Experimental group
Control group
Experimental group
Control group
Reference montage
EO/EC
Recording length (min)
Alpha range (Hz)
Arns et al[70], 2016EG: 236 Escitalopram, 251 Sertraline, 235 Venlafaxine-XRCG: 336 controlsM = 38.85 (Escitalopram), M = 38.34 (Sertraline), M = 38.46 (Venlafaxine-XR), M = 37.84 (MDD) M = 36.99 (Controls)8 wk57.03DSM–IV; MINI; HRSDAM E0+EC28–13
Vinne et al[71], 2019EG: 136 treatment with escitalo pram, 169 treatment with sertraline, 188 treatment with venlafaxine-extended release8 wk54.47MINI; HRSD; VQIDS-SRAM E0+EC48–13
Bares et al[72], 2019EG: 57 SSRIs, 46 SNRIs M = 46.04 (SSRIs), M = 44.83 (SNRIs)1 wk74.76DSM IV; MADRS; CGICzEC108–13
Szumska et al[73], 2021EG: 12 Mindfulness groupCG: 8 control groupM = 32.40 (Mindfulness group) M = 35.00 (Control group)8 wk55CES-D; MINICzE0+EC38–13
Keune et al[74], 2011EG: 78 MDD; 40 MBCT groupCG: 37 a wait-list condition M = 48.93 (MBCT group)M = 45.24 (wait-list group)8 wk74.03DSM-IVAME0+EC88--13
Barnhofer et al[75], 2007EG: 10 MBCT CG: 12 treatment-as-usualM = 48.00 (MBCT)M = 38.60 (treatment-as-usual)8 wk50MINIAEE0+EC88–13
Gollan et al[77], 2014EG: 37 MDD; Behavioral activationCG: 35 non-MDD16 wk62.50 DSM-IV; IDS-CAME0+EC88–13
Allen et al[14], 2004EG: 30 nonpharmacological intervention8 wk100DSM–IV; HRSDCz; AM, ARE0+EC88–13
Spronk et al[78], 2008EG: 8 MDD; rTMS TreatmentM = 42.60 (rTMS Treatment)37.50 BDI; SCIAM E0+EC2alpha 1 (8–11); alpha 2 (11–13)
Wang et al[80], 2016EG: 7 neurofeedback group M = 47.436 wk78.57DSM-IVCzEC58–12
Vlcek et al[79], 2020EG: 9 LF rTMS responder CG: 16 LF rTMS non-responders4 wk80MINI; MADRS; CGICzEC108–12; 8–10; 10–12