Transdiagnostic considerations of mental health for the post-COVID era: Lessons from the first surge of the pandemic

Table 1 Gender and age distributions of the Israeli samples

Gender distribution
Survey 1
Gender	Count	Frequency
Men	541	47.10%
Women	607	52.90%
Survey 2
Gender	Count	Frequency
Men	528	46.70%
Women	602	53.30%
Survey 3
Gender	Count	Frequency
Men	684	48.75%
Women	719	51.25%
Age-group distribution
Survey 1
Age	Count	Frequency
21-44	509	44.30%
45-64	351	30.60%
65 +	288	25.10%
Survey 2
Age	Count	Frequency
21-44	507	44.90%
45-64	345	30.50%
65 +	278	24.20%
Survey 3
Age	Count	Frequency
21-44	664	47.30%
45-64	419	29.90%
65 +	320	22.80%

Table 2 Gender, age, nationality, and previous psychiatric history distributions of the Italian sample

Gender	Frequency	Percentage
Men	4122	19.40%
Women	17095	80.60%
Age	Frequency	Percentage
20-39	10894	51.30%
40-64	10118	47.70%
65-74	180	0.85%
75 +	25	0.10%
Foreign	Frequency	Percentage
Foreigner	516	2.40%
Italian	20701	97.60%
Psychiatric history	Frequency	Percentage
No	15160	71.40%
Yes	6075	25.88%

Table 3 The association between the three symptoms in the Israeli sample

	Loneliness	Depression	Anxiety
Survey 1
Loneliness	1
Depression	0.63641	1
Anxiety	0.50271	0.5811	1
Survey 2
Loneliness	1
Depression	0.63641	1
Anxiety	0.50271	0.5771	1
Phobia	0.16381	0.16841	0.31451
Survey 3
Loneliness	1
Depression	0.71721921	1
Anxiety	0.45708081	0.54485821	1
Phobia	0.14670671	0.17708081	0.31777281

¹P < 0.0001.

Table 4 Frequency of reported symptoms in all three Israeli surveys

Number of symptoms	Count	Frequency
Survey 1
0	512	44.6%
1	239	20.8%
2	143	12.5%
3	254	22.1%
Survey 2
0	175	15.5%
1	359	31.8%
2	219	19.4%
3	150	13.3%
4	227	20.1%
Survey 3
0	159	11.3%
1	396	28.2%
2	328	23.4%
3	179	12.8%
4	341	24.3%

Table 5 Correlations between the mental health features in the Italian sample (n = 21217)

Mental health issue	Anxiety	Perceived stress	PTSS	Depression	PTSD-NA
Anxiety	1
Perceived stress	0.522	1
PTSS	0.3521	0.3423	1
Depression	0.5866	0.4867	0.3301	1
PTSD-NA	0.2097	0.213	0.3636	0.2228	1

Note: All correlations: P < 0.001. PTSS: Post-traumatic stress symptoms; PTSD-NA: Post-traumatic stress disorder-negative affect.

Table 6 Italian sample

Combination	Count	Frequency	Percentage
None	0	3500	16.5%
PTSD-NA	1	6725	31.7%
Depression	1	147	0.7%
Perceived stress	1	59	0.3%
Anxiety	1	22	0.1%
Depression, PTSD-NA	2	771	3.6%
PTSS, PTSD-NA	2	2995	14.1%
Perceived stress, PTSD-NA	2	424	2.0%
Perceived stress, Depression	2	31	0.2%
Anxiety, PTSD-NA	2	202	1.0%
Anxiety, Depression	2	45	0.2%
Anxiety, Perceived stress	2	8	0.0%
PTSS, Depression, PTSD-NA	3	693	3.3%
Perceived stress, Depression, PTSD-NA	3	292	1.4%
Perceived stress, PTSS, PTSD-NA	3	586	2.8%
Anxiety, Depression, PTSD-NA	3	357	1.7%
Anxiety, PTSS, PTSD-NA	3	301	1.4%
Anxiety, Perceived stress, PTSD-NA	3	137	0.7%
Anxiety, Perceived stress, Depression	3	43	0.2%
Perceived stress, PTSS, Depression, PTSD-NA	4	480	2.3%
Anxiety, PTSS, Depression, PTSD-NA	4	657	3.2%
Anxiety, Perceived stress, Depression, PTSD-NA	4	537	2.5%
Anxiety, Perceived stress, PTSS, PTSD-NA	4	281	1.3%
Anxiety, Perceived stress, PTSS, Depression, PTSD-NA	5	1906	9.0%

PTSS: Post-traumatic stress symptoms; PTSD-NA: Post-traumatic stress disorder-negative affect.

Table 7 The most frequent symptom combinations per number of symptoms, for people with and without Psychiatric history

Combination	Count	Frequency	Percentage
Psychiatric history
PTSS, Depression, PTSD-NA	3	257	4.2%
Anxiety, PTSS, Depression, PTSD-NA	4	291	4.8%
Anxiety, Perceived stress, PTSS, Depression, PTSD-NA	5	885	14.6%
No Psychiatric history
Perceived stress, PTSS, PTSD-NA	3	439	2.9%
Anxiety, PTSS, Depression, PTSD-NA	4	384	2.5%
Anxiety, Perceived stress, PTSS, Depression, PTSD-NA	5	1021	6.7%

PTSS: Post-traumatic stress symptoms; PTSD-NA: Post-traumatic stress disorder-negative affect.