Observational Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2023.
World J Clin Cases. Feb 6, 2023; 11(4): 809-820
Published online Feb 6, 2023. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i4.809
Table 1 Gender and age distributions of the Israeli samples
Gender distribution
Survey 1
GenderCountFrequency
Men54147.10%
Women60752.90%
Survey 2
GenderCountFrequency
Men52846.70%
Women60253.30%
Survey 3
GenderCountFrequency
Men68448.75%
Women71951.25%
Age-group distribution
Survey 1
AgeCountFrequency
21-4450944.30%
45-6435130.60%
65 +28825.10%
Survey 2
AgeCountFrequency
21-4450744.90%
45-6434530.50%
65 +27824.20%
Survey 3
AgeCountFrequency
21-4466447.30%
45-6441929.90%
65 +32022.80%
Table 2 Gender, age, nationality, and previous psychiatric history distributions of the Italian sample
Gender
Frequency
Percentage
Men412219.40%
Women1709580.60%
AgeFrequencyPercentage
20-391089451.30%
40-641011847.70%
65-741800.85%
75 +250.10%
ForeignFrequencyPercentage
Foreigner5162.40%
Italian2070197.60%
Psychiatric historyFrequencyPercentage
No1516071.40%
Yes607525.88%
Table 3 The association between the three symptoms in the Israeli sample

Loneliness
Depression
Anxiety
Survey 1
Loneliness1
Depression0.636411
Anxiety0.502710.58111
Survey 2
Loneliness1
Depression0.636411
Anxiety0.502710.57711
Phobia0.163810.168410.31451
Survey 3
Loneliness1
Depression0.717219211
Anxiety0.457080810.544858211
Phobia0.146706710.177080810.31777281
Table 4 Frequency of reported symptoms in all three Israeli surveys
Number of symptoms
Count
Frequency
Survey 1
051244.6%
123920.8%
214312.5%
325422.1%
Survey 2
017515.5%
135931.8%
221919.4%
315013.3%
422720.1%
Survey 3
015911.3%
139628.2%
232823.4%
317912.8%
434124.3%
Table 5 Correlations between the mental health features in the Italian sample (n = 21217)
Mental health issue
Anxiety
Perceived stress
PTSS
Depression
PTSD-NA
Anxiety1
Perceived stress0.5221
PTSS0.35210.34231
Depression0.58660.48670.33011
PTSD-NA0.20970.2130.36360.22281
Table 6 Italian sample
Combination
Count
Frequency
Percentage
None0350016.5%
PTSD-NA1672531.7%
Depression11470.7%
Perceived stress1590.3%
Anxiety1220.1%
Depression, PTSD-NA27713.6%
PTSS, PTSD-NA2299514.1%
Perceived stress, PTSD-NA24242.0%
Perceived stress, Depression2310.2%
Anxiety, PTSD-NA22021.0%
Anxiety, Depression2450.2%
Anxiety, Perceived stress280.0%
PTSS, Depression, PTSD-NA36933.3%
Perceived stress, Depression, PTSD-NA32921.4%
Perceived stress, PTSS, PTSD-NA35862.8%
Anxiety, Depression, PTSD-NA33571.7%
Anxiety, PTSS, PTSD-NA33011.4%
Anxiety, Perceived stress, PTSD-NA31370.7%
Anxiety, Perceived stress, Depression3430.2%
Perceived stress, PTSS, Depression, PTSD-NA44802.3%
Anxiety, PTSS, Depression, PTSD-NA46573.2%
Anxiety, Perceived stress, Depression, PTSD-NA45372.5%
Anxiety, Perceived stress, PTSS, PTSD-NA42811.3%
Anxiety, Perceived stress, PTSS, Depression, PTSD-NA519069.0%
Table 7 The most frequent symptom combinations per number of symptoms, for people with and without Psychiatric history
Combination
CountFrequencyPercentage
Psychiatric history
PTSS, Depression, PTSD-NA32574.2%
Anxiety, PTSS, Depression, PTSD-NA42914.8%
Anxiety, Perceived stress, PTSS, Depression, PTSD-NA588514.6%
No Psychiatric history
Perceived stress, PTSS, PTSD-NA34392.9%
Anxiety, PTSS, Depression, PTSD-NA43842.5%
Anxiety, Perceived stress, PTSS, Depression, PTSD-NA510216.7%