Portal vein aneurysm-etiology, multimodal imaging and current management

Table 1 Clinical features of the patients with portal vein aneurysm, regards the conservative treatment

Year	Ref.	Gender	Age	Etiology	Location	Morphology/size	Symptomatology	Complications	Comorbidity	Imaging	Treatment	Follow-up
2015	Prabhakar et al[48]	Male	47	None	Intrahepatic, left br	18 mm			Shunt	CT	Surveillance	Alive
2015	Srikanth et al[49]	Female	12	Congenital	Right branch	Saccular				US, CT	Surveillance
2015	Starikov et al[50]	Male	27	None	SMV aneurysm	86 mm	Abdominal pain	Thrombosis CTPV	Acute pancreatitis	CT, MRI	Anticoagulation	24 mo
2016	Gaba et al[3]	Female	61	None	Confluence	50 mm			Ca colon; surgery	US, CT	Surveillance
2016	Hanafiah et al[12]	Male	70	Acquired	Right branch	Fusiform, 22 mm			HBV; cirrhosis, HCC	US, CT	No treatment	Died
2016	Nayman et al[51]	Female	48	Congenital	Intrahepatic, two br	Right 43, left 13 mm	Abdominal pain			US, CT	Surveillance
2016	Kurtcehajic et al[22]	Female	75	Congenital	Bifurcation	Saccular	Jundice	Biliopathy		US, CT, MRI	Usodeoxolic acid	Alive
2016	Khairallah et al[13]	Female	68	Acquired	Bifurcation	Fusiform, 40 mm	Bleeding		Cirrhosis; portal Hyp	US, CT	No treatment
2017	Jaiswal et al[52]	Female	59	Congenital	Confluence	53.7 mm	Abdominal pain		Cholelithias	US, CT	Surveillance	18 mo
2017	Guilbaud et al[53]	Male	88	Congenital	Main trunk	Saccular, 59 mm			Cholecystectomy	CT	Surveillance
2018	Maia et al[54]	Female	67	Congenital	Main trunk	35 mm	Abdominal pain		Diabetes, arterial Hyp	US, CT	Surveillance	12 mo
2018	Ashmore et al[55]	Female	62	None	Confluence		Abdominal pain			CT	Surveillance
2018	Martínez et al[56]	Female	29	Congenital	Left branch	Saccular, 28 mm				US, CT	Surveillance
2018	Hirji et al[57]	Male	62	Congenital	Confluence	50 mm			Diabetes, Parkinson	CT	Surveillance	6 mo
2018	Alur et al[58]	Female	45	Congenital	Left branch	21.5 mm				US, MRI	Surveillance
2018	Chaubard et al[59]	Male	66	Congenital	Confluence	Saccular, 40 mm	Abdominal pain		T-cell hemopathy	US, CT	Surveillance
2019	Ramamoorthy et al[60]	Female	42	Congenital	Confluence	Fusiform, 26 mm	Abdominal pain			US, MRI	Surveillance	Alive
2019	De Vloo et al[4]	Male	67	None	Confluence	Fusiform, 55 mm	Abdominal pain	Thrombosis CTPV	Neuroendocrine tm	US, CT	Anticoagulation
2020	Kabir et al[61]	Male	77	Congenital	Intrahepatic, left br	28 mm	Abdominal pain		Abd. aortic aneurysm	US, MRI	Surveillance	3 mo
2020	Rana et al[29]	Female	51	Congenital	Confluence	38 mm	Abdominal pain			US, EUS, CT	Surveillance	30 mo
2020	Shams et al[62]	Male	67	None	SMV aneurysm		Abdominal pain	Thrombosis			Anticoagulation	12 mo
2020	Watanabe et al[5]	Female	69	Congenital	Right branch	35 mm		Thrombosis		US, CT	Surveillance	120 mo
2020	Schilardi et al[6]	Male	86	Congenital	Right branch	55 mm			Heart failure; COPD	US, CT	Surveillance	24 mo
2021	Hernando et al[63]	Female	51	Congenital	Right branch	25 mm	Abd. pain, jundice		Choledocholithiasis	US, MRI	Surveillance
2021	Priadko et al[32]	Male	81	Acquired		48 mm			HBV, cirrhosis	US	Surveillance	36 mo
		Female	52	None		Saccular, 42.3 mm				US, CT, MRI	Surveillance	60 mo
		Male	73	None	Intrahepatic, right br	27 mm				US	Surveillance	12 mo
2021	Tan et al[64]	Male		Congenital	Main trunk	26 mm				CT	Surveillance	Alive
2021	López et al[65]	Female	41	None	SMV aneurysm	43 mm	Abdominal pain		Splenorenal shunt	CT	Surveillance
2022	Tri et al[31]	Male	10	Congenital	Main trunk	36 mm	Abdominal pain	Thrombosis		CT	Anticoagulation	6 mo
2022	Villani et al[66]	Male	73	Acquired	Main trunk	Saccular, 40 mm			Cirrhosis, ascites	US, CT	Surveillance
2022	Mortazavi et al[67]	Male	49	Congenital	Main trunk	21 mm	Abdominal pain		Cholelithias	CT	Surveillance
2022	Mohamadnejad et al[30]	Female	76	None	Intrahepatic, left br	25 mm			Aneurysm, shunt	CT, EUS	Surveillance
2022	Kanamalla et al[7]	Male	95	Congenital	Confluence	Saccular, 35 mm		Thrombosis of ICV	Diabetes, arterial Hyp	CT	Anticoagulation

Abd: Abdominal; br: Branch; Ca: Carcinoma; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CT: Computed tomography; CTPV: Cavernous transformation of the portal vein; EUS: Endoscopic ultrasound; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; Hyp: Hypertensio; ICV: Inferior cava vein; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; SMV: Superior mesenteric vein; tm: tumor; US: Ultrasound.

Table 2 Clinical features of the patients with portal vein aneurysm, regards the surgery/invasive treatment

Year	Ref.	Gender	Age	Etiology	Location	Morphology /size	Symptomatology	Complications	Comorbidity	Imaging	Treatment	Follow-up
2015	Fleming et al[33]	Female	70	None	Confluence, SMV	From 30 mm to 50 mm				CT	Aneurysmectomy	85 mo
		Female	47	None	Confluence, SMV	From 35 mm to 60 mm	Abdominal pain		HCV	US, CT	Aneurysmectomy	65 mo
		Female	29	None		40 mm	Abdominal pain	Thrombosis/CTPV		CT	Aneurysmectomy	144 mo
		Female	49	None	Confluence, SMV	40 mm	Abdominal pain				Aneurysmorrhaphy	17 mo
2015	Tsauo et al[14]	Female	65	Acquired	Right branch	Saccular, 32 mm	Abdominal pain		Budd Chiari Sy	CT	TIPS	12 mo
2016	Khan et al[16]	Female	40	Acquired	Bifurcation	34 mm			Splenic artery aneurysm	US, CT	Aneurysmectomy	Alive
2016	Ierardi et al[69]	Male	42	Car accident	Confluence	PSA, 23 mm	Abdominal pain		Liver trauma	CT	Expanding stent graft	13 d
2016	Shukla et al[39]	Male	55	None	Intrahepatic, right br	Saccular, 30 mm			Sigmoid hemicolectomy	CT	Percut embolisation	Alive
2017	Shrivastava et al[27]	Male	55	Acquired	Intrahepatic, right br	62 mm			Portal Hyp, pancreatitis	US, CT	Percut embolisation	12 mo
2017	Ding et al[45]	Male	48	Acquired	Bifurcation	70 mm			HBV, cirrhosis	CT	TIPS	72 mo
2017	Kim et al[34]	Female	34	Congenital	Main trunk	Fusiform, from 57 mm to 62 mm	Abdominal pain	Thrombosis	Celiac artery dissection	US, CT	Aneurysmectomy	6 mo
2017	Das et al[15]	Female	18	None	Confluence	Fusiform, 30 mm			Thalassemia major	US, CT	Splenectomy
2017	Ding et al[23]	Male	80	Acquired	Left branch	Fusiform	Abd. pain, jaundice	Biliopathy	Cirrhosis, portal Hyp.	US, CT, MRI	ERCP, biliary stent	3 mo
2018	Walton et al[70]	Male	42	Percut Biopsy	Main trunk	PSA, 13 mm	Haemobilia		Lymphomatosus of pancreas		Percut, covered stent
2018	Kimura et al[44]	Male	62	Acquired	Branch	40 mm			HCV, HCC, art portal fistula	MRI	Selective embolisation
2018	Sun et al[24]	Male	85	Congenital	Main trunk	32 mm	Abdominal pain	Cholangitis	Diabetes, ulcer disease	IDUS, CT	ERCP, biliary stent	42 mo
2018	Chandran et al[19]	Male	1	Congenital				Colonic obstruction			Ligation of PVA	3 mo
2018	Chadha et al[35]	Male	66	Acquired	SV aneurysm	39 mm			HCV, cirrhos		External Sundt carotid shunt	6 mo
2018	Güngör et al[21]	Female	1	Congenital	Intrahepatic, right br	Fusiform	Hematemesis, melena	Portal Hyp, thrombosis		US, CT	Sugiura oper
2018	Ktenidis et al[36]	Male	43	Acquired	SV aneurysm	98 mm			Splenectomy, AV shunt	CT	Open surgery	Alive
2019	Cleveland et al[71]	Male	68	Vehicle collision		PSA	Abdominal pain	Shock bowel		CT		Dead
2019	Juscafresa et al[40]	Female	77	Acquired	SV aneurysm	45 mm			Pancreatitis	CT	Percut, Viabahn stent	12 mo
2019	Bremer et al[42]	Male	65	Acquired	Intrahepatic, right br	64 mm	Abdominal pain		Cirrhosis, transplantation		TAE, stent graft exclusion	6 mo
2019	Oguslu et al[43]	Female	58	Acquired	Left branch	Saccular, 130 mm	Abdominal pain	Thrombosis	Art. portal fistula, portal Hyp	US, CT	Percut embolisation	9 mo
2020	Field et al[25]	Male	25	Congenital	Main trunk	55 mm	Abdominal pain	Biliopathy, thrombosis		CT, MRI	Thrombolysis, thrombectomy	12 mo
2021	Sura et al[38]	Male	80	Congenital	Main trunk	Saccular, 37 mm			Diaphragmatic hernia	CT	Open surgery	6 mo
2021	Marmor et al[41]	Male	67	Congenital	SV aneurysm	Saccular, 40 mm			Ca bladder	CT	Balloon expandable stent	12 mo
2021	Matsumoto et al[68]	Male	75	Acquired	Main trunk	42 mm	Abdominal pain		Ca pancreas	CT	Open surgery, omental graft	3 mo
2021	Gorolay et al[37]	Female	36	Congenital	Confluence	Saccular, from 45 mm to 65 mm	Abdominal pain	Thrombosis		US, CT	Hybrid operative repair	36 mo
2021	Dunlap et al[46]	Male	32	Acquired	Confluence	From 52 mm to 57 mm			Cirrhosis, portal Hyp		TIPS	6 mo
2022	Kohlbrenner et al[47]	Male	37	Congenital	Confluence	Fusiform, 51 mm	Abdominal pain	Thrombosis, ischemia		CT	Thrombolysis, TIPS	24 mo

Abd: Abdominal; art: Artery; br: Branch; Ca: Carcinoma; CT: Computed tomography; CTPV: Cavernous transformation of the portal vein; ERCP: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; Hyp: Hypertensio; IDUS: Intraductal ultrasonography; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; percut: percutaneous; PSA: Pseudoaneurysm; PVA: Portal vein aneurysm; SMV: Superior mesenteric vein; SV: Splenic vein; Sy: Syndrome; TAE: Transarterial embolisation; TIPS: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt; US: Ultrasound.