Application progress of nursing intervention in cardiac surgery

Table 1 Approaches and outcomes of nursing for patients undergoing cardiac surgery

Item	Nursing approach	Nursing measures	Nursing outcomes
Preoperative nursing	Predictive nursing[11]	Guiding the patient to use Betadine mouthwash before surgery	Postoperative pneumonia risk reduced by approximately 50%
	Individualized education[12,13]	Providing individualized preoperative care for 30-90 min based on the patient's sources of anxiety	Patients quickly adapt to the ICU environment, with a satisfaction rate of 94% given for preoperative education
	Inspiratory muscle training[14]	Instructing the patient to undergo respiratory muscle training for 5 d	Marked improvement in postoperative respiratory muscle strength, reducing the incidence of complications and hospital stay
	Orientation tour[15]	One day before surgery, healthcare personnel visit the patient to explain the surgical process (15 min) and accompany them to visit an unattended operating room at night (10 min), the ICU (5 min), an operating room (10 min)	Decreased levels of anxiety
Intraoperative nursing	PDCA cycle intervention[16,17]	Using the PDCA cycle management method, continuous quality improvement is implemented in the preparation phrase for cardiac surgery by the methods of identifying the causes, formulating countermeasures, eliminating potential risks, optimizing workflow, and so on	Reduces the variability and risks of operating room work to ensure smooth surgical procedures
	Holistic care[18]	Four 30- to 45-min sessions of nursing intentional presence were conducted for each patient individually in the intervention group	Effectively reduce depression, stress, and anxiety in surgical patients
Postoperative nursing	Comfort nursing intervention[19]	Collecting demographic details, comfort behaviors, hemodynamic parameters, and other data and implementing comfort care interventions	Majorly improve indicators of postoperative pain, discomfort, respiration, and heart rate in pediatric patients
	Cold compress nursing[20]	Using cold compresses to alleviate pain caused by chest tube removal after cardiac surgery	Cold compress during chest tube removal significantly reduces the severity of pain scores, but the effect is not significant after 15 min of removal
	Slow, deep breathing relaxation exercises[21]	Instructing 25 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery to perform slow deep breathing relaxation exercises before chest tube removal	Pain levels are significantly reduced at 5 min and 15 min after extubation
	Nursing interventions to prevent delirium in ICU[22-25]	Nurse-led preventive nursing interventions targeting patients with visual and auditory impairments, sleep disorders, cognitive impairments, and mobility impairments, among other major risk factors for delirium	Prevents postoperative delirium, reduces its incidence, and shortens mechanical ventilation time and ICU stay
	Pain nursing[27,28]	Patients are provided with a 30-min continuous NLP technique and guided imagery relaxation technique using audio CDs to promote behavior formation. Additionally, 0.5% bupivacaine wound infiltration is administered within 12 h after surgery to alleviate pain	Comfort levels markedly improve, reducing postoperative pain and enhancing patient comfort in patients undergoing cardiac surgery
	Nurse-led transitional care model[29]	Transitional care is provided for 9 wk after patient discharge, to facilitate their gradual adjustment, along with provision of necessary support	The self-measurement system and quality of life scale scores both significantly improved, and readmission rates were significantly reduced
	EGDT	An EGDT team is established to develop personalized, feasible, and progressive rehabilitation plans for patients	EGDT can shorten the duration of endotracheal intubation and ICU stay for patients, reduce the occurrence of complications, and enhance patient satisfaction
	Early rehabilitation nursing[30]	A rehabilitation nursing quality control group is created to develop and implement postoperative early progressive graded activity protocols and ensure quality control throughout the implementation process	Early rehabilitation nursing has enhanced nurses' awareness of early interventions and improved team collaboration efficiency, which can accelerate patient recovery and shorten hospital stay
Perioperative nursing intervention	Enhanced recovery surgical nursing[31,32]	A multimodal and interdisciplinary approach is implemented to optimize nursing care throughout the entire surgical process, including preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative phases	Reduce ICU and hospital stay, postoperative complications, and costs for patients undergoing cardiac surgery
	Music intervention[37]	Music interventions are utilized for patients during the surgical procedure	Significantly reduce postoperative anxiety and pain in patients undergoing cardiac surgery without any side effects
	Zero-defect care model and psychological care[38]	Nursing staff undergo specialized training on the theory of zero defects to enhance their professional competence. They also provide preoperative health education and psychological counseling for patients	Significantly decrease surgical time, intraoperative bleeding, and hospital stay and improve sleep quality, mental well-being, and psychological condition

ICU: Intensive care unit; PDCA: Plan-Do-Check-Act; NLP: Neuro-linguistic programming; EGDT: Early goal-directed therapy.