Causal relationship association of cheese intake with gestational hypertension and diabetes result from a Mendelian randomization study

Table 1 Description of included traits

Exposure	Trait	ID	Number of SNPs	Population	Sample size	Case/control	Database	Consortium	Year
Cheese intake	Cheese intake	ukb-b-1489	9851867	European	451486	NA	UK Biobank	MRC-IEU	2018
Outcomes
Gestational hypertension	Pregnancy hypertension	finn-b-O15_HYPTENSPREG	16379784	European	123579	7686/115893	FinnGen Biobank	NA	2021
	Oedema, proteinuria and hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium	finn-b-O15_OEDEM_PROTUR_HYPERT	16379784	European	123579	8844/114735	FinnGen Biobank	NA	2021
Gestational diabetes	Gestational diabetes (for exclusion)	finn-b-GEST_DIABETES	16379784	European	123579	5687/117892	FinnGen Biobank	NA	2021
	Diabetes mellitus in pregnancy	finn-b-O15_PREG_DM	16379684	European	116363	6033/110330	FinnGen Biobank	NA	2021

SNP: Single nucleotide polymorphism; NA: Not available; MRC-IEU: MRC integrative epidemiology unit.

Table 2 Mendelian randomization for the association of cheese intake with gestational hypertension and gestational diabetes

Outcomes	Trait	Number of instruments	Method	OR	95%CI	P value	Heterogeneity		Pleiotropy
							Q statistic	P value	Intercept	P value
Gestational hypertension	Pregnancy hypertension	62	MR Egger	0.40	0.09-1.75	0.229	73.04	0.120	0.006	0.634
		62	Weighted median	0.55	0.34-0.90	0.017
		62	Inverse variance weighted	0.57	0.40-0.80	1.377e-3	73.31	0.134
		62	Weighted mode	0.49	0.20-1.19	0.121
	Oedema, proteinuria and hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium	62	MR Egger	0.62	0.15-2.52	0.505	76.44	0.075	4.3e-4	0.971
		62	Weighted median	0.69	0.45-1.05	0.083
		62	Inverse variance weighted	0.63	0.46-0.88	0.006	76.44	0.088
		62	Weighted mode	0.69	0.28-1.68	0.416
Gestational diabetes	Gestational diabetes (for exclusion)	62	MR Egger	0.23	0.04-1.38	0.113	83.73	0.023	9.5 e-3	0.537
		62	Weighted median	0.40	0.23-0.71	1.507e-3
		62	Inverse variance weighted	0.39	0.26-0.60	1.822e-5	84.26	0.025
		62	Weighted mode	0.32	0.10-1.03	0.062
	Diabetes mellitus in pregnancy	62	MR Egger	0.46	0.07-3.00	0.418	91.39	5.586e-3	-0.001	0.948
		62	Weighted median	0.35	0.20-0.62	2.998e-4
		62	Inverse variance weighted	0.43	0.28-0.67	1.718 e-4	91.4	7.089e-3
		62	Weighted mode	0.21	0.04-1.20	0.085

CI: Confidence interval; OR: Odds ratio; MR: Mendelian randomization.