Time usage analysis and satisfaction comparison by occupational area according to the sex of single-parent families

Table 1 Categorization of life time based on Occupational Therapy Practice Framework-4

Occupational area	Code	Activities	Code	Activities	Code	Activities
ADLs	12	Meals and snacks	14	Personal maintenance
IADLs	41	Food preparation	42	Clothes care	43	Cleaning
	44	Management of housing	45	Vehicle care	46	Care of animals and plants
	47	Purchase of items and services	49	Other home management	51	Care for children under 10 years of age
	52	Care for elementary, middle, and high school students over 10 years of age	53	Care for adult families and household members with long-term care needs	54	Care of independent adult families
	73	Religious activities	74	Ritual activities	91-98	Locomotion
Health management	13	Personal medical care
Rest and sleep	11	Sleep	85	Rest
Education	31	School activities	32	Out-of-school learning
Work	21	Employed work	22	Self-employment work	23	Unpaid work in family business
	24	Other work	25	Job-seeking activity	26	Purchasing goods related to job
	61	Non-organization-based volunteer work	62	Organization-based volunteer work	63	Unpaid training
Leisure	81	Leisure activities using media	82	Cultural and tourism activities	83	Sports and leisure sports
	84	Game and play	89	Other leisure
Social participation	71	Relationship activities	72	Participating activities

ADLs: Activities of daily living; IADLs: Instrumental activities of daily living.

Table 2 General characteristics, n = 404

Characteristics		Total, n (%)	M:F (%:%)
Sex	Male	134 (33.2)
	Female	270 (66.8)
Age	20-29	14 (3.5)	0:14 (0:100)
	30-39	76 (18.8)	16:60 (21.1:78.9)
	40-49	250 (61.9)	74:176 (29.6:70.4)
	50-59	62 (15.3)	42:20 (67.7:32.3)
	60-	2 (0.5)	2:0 (100:0)
Marital status	Single	4 (1.0)	0:4 (0:100)
	Bereavement	64 (15.8)	6:58 (9.4:90.6)
	Divorced	336 (83.2)	128:208 (38.1:61.9)
Education level	Elementary	4 (1.0)	2:2 (50:50)
	Middle school	20 (5.0)	10:10 (50:50)
	High school	166 (41.1)	58:108 (34.9:65.1)
	College	114 (28.2)	40:74 (35.1:64.9)
	University	84 (20.8)	18:66 (21.4:78.6)
	Master's degree or higher	16 (4.0)	6:10 (37.5:62.5)
Job status	Yes	320 (79.2)	122:198 (38.1:61.9)
	No	84 (20.8)	12:72 (14.3:85.7)

F: Female; M: Male.

Table 3 Time usage in minutes by occupational area, n = 404

Area	mean ± SD	(%)
ADLs	186.53 ± 80.35	(13.0)
Eating	107.95 ± 44.08	(57.9)
Personal maintenance	78.59 ± 36.27	(42.1)
IADLs	286.01 ± 286.93	(19.9)
Locomotion	94.21 ± 72.59	(32.9)
Home management	139.23 ± 108.31	(48.7)
Care of family and members	43.81 ± 68.38	(15.3)
Other	8.76 ± 37.64	(3.1)
Health management	7.65 ± 30.06	(0.5)
Personal medical care	7.65 ± 30.06	(100.0)
Rest and sleep	500.47 ± 136.43	(34.8)
Rest	13.07 ± 25.22	(2.6)
Sleep	487.40 ± 111.21	(97.4)
Education	9.26 ± 60.31	(0.6)
School activities	0.59 ± 11.94	(6.4)
Out-of-school learning	8.66 ± 48.36	(93.6)
Work	227.20 ± 263.66	(15.8)
Paid work	215.54 ± 219.58	(94.9)
Unpaid work
Volunteer work	0.84 ± 10.39	(0.4)
Job-seeking activity	0.82 ± 8.55	(0.4)
Other	10.00 ± 25.14	(4.4)
Leisure	182.45 ± 270.12	(12.7)
Cultural and tourism activities	4.95 ± 25.98	(2.7)
Sports and leisure sports	21.83 ± 52.19	(12.0)
Leisure activities using media	139.51 ± 130.95	(76.5)
Game and play	7.52 ± 26.01	(4.1)
Other	8.64 ± 34.98	(4.7)
Social participation	40.42 ± 62.32	(2.8)
Relationship activities	28.39 ± 43.21	(70.2)
Participating activities	12.03 ± 19.11	(29.8)

ADLs: Activities of daily living; IADLs: Instrumental activities of daily living; SD: Standard deviation.

Table 4 Time usage in minutes by occupational area according to sex

Area	Males, n = 134	Females, n = 270	Male-female	t
	mean ± SD	mean ± SD
ADLs	183.73 ± 49.47	187.93 ± 57.07	-4.2	-0.726
Eating	111.42 ± 38.39	106.22 ± 43.62	5.2	1.116
Personal maintenance	72.31 ± 31.17	81.7 ± 38.23	-9.39	-2.465a
IADLs	219.78 ± 125.57	318.89 ± 141.55	-99.11	-6.873c
Locomotion	99.03 ± 74.22	91.81 ± 71.79	7.22	0.94
Home management	85.22 ± 81.26	166.04 ± 110.17	-80.82	-7.533c
Care of family and members	34.78 ± 52.3	48.3 ± 74.78	-13.52	-1.877
Other	0.75 ± 8.64	12.74 ± 45.14	-11.99	-3.046b
Health management	9.48 ± 41.39	6.74 ± 22.45	2.74	0.861
Personal medical care	9.48 ± 41.39	6.74 ± 22.45	2.74	0.861
Rest and sleep	489.1 ± 95.94	506.11 ± 116.96	-17.01	-1.457
Rest	18.36 ± 33.94	10.44 ± 19.04	7.92	2.998b
Sleep	470.75 ± 98.63	495.67 ± 116.24	-24.92	-2.13a
Education	1.64 ± 13.39	13.04 ± 61.52	-11.4	-2.118a
School activities	0 ± 0	0.89 ± 14.61	-0.89	-0.704
Out-of-school learning	1.64 ± 13.39	12.15 ± 58.13	-10.51	-2.064a
Work	301.72 ± 243.18	190.22 ± 208.29	111.5	4.786c
Paid work	286.27 ± 235.17	180.44 ± 202.88	105.83	4.677c
Unpaid work	-	-
Volunteer work	0 ± 0	1.26 ± 12.7	-1.26	-1.147
Job-seeking activity	0.45 ± 5.18	1 ± 9.8	-0.55	-0.611
Other	15 ± 32.14	7.52 ± 20.44	7.48	2.84c
Leisure	202.01 ± 162.91	172.74 ± 134.54	29.27	1.917
Cultural and tourism activities	7.24 ± 35.91	3.81 ± 19.24	3.43	1.248
Sports and leisure sports	25.82 ± 52.76	19.85 ± 51.89	5.97	1.083
Leisure activities using media	143.51 ± 144.36	137.52 ± 124	5.99	0.432
Game and play	10.22 ± 32.59	6.19 ± 21.98	4.03	1.471
Other	15.22 ± 44.48	5.37 ± 28.68	9.85	2.686b
Social participation	32.54 ± 41.25	44.33 ± 49.6	-11.79	-2.375a
Relationship activities	20.15 ± 37.32	32.48 ± 45.37	-12.33	-2.722b
Participating activities	12.39 ± 19.36	11.85 ± 19.02	0.54	0.265

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

^cP < 0.001.

ADLs: Activities of daily living; IADLs: Instrumental activities of daily living; SD: Standard deviation.

Table 5 Time deficiency and life satisfaction according to sex (Unit: Score)

Parameter	Males, n = 134	Females, n = 270	t
	mean ± SD	mean ± SD
Time deficiency	2.18 ± 0.83	1.97 ± 0.93	2.202a
Life satisfaction	3.04 ± 0.87	2.96 ± 0.91	0.939

^aP < 0.05.

SD: Standard deviation.

Table 6 Effects of time usage by occupational area on time deficiency

Parameter	Males, n = 134	Parameter	Females, n = 270
	B		B
Work	0.001a	Leisure	-0.001a
(Constant)	2.598	(Constant)	3.190
F	6.461a	F	4.946a
Adjusted R2	0.039	Adjusted R2	0.014

^aP < 0.05.

B: Unstandardized coefficients.